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1、句子成分,英语的基本成分有八种： 主语（subject） 谓语（predicate） 宾语（object） 表语（predicative） 定语（attribute） 状语 (adverbial) 补足语 (complement） 同位语（appositive）,主语：是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。,1) Mr. Lee is a well-known scientist. 2) He reads newspapers everyday. 3) What we shall do next
2、 is not yet decided.,谓语: 说明主语的动作或所处的状态。 谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词主要动词）构成。,1) The new term begins on the 1st of September. 2) I would like to invite all my friends here. 5) He is working in the garden.,表语：是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词(如be,become)之后，与系动词一起构成复合谓语，说明主语的身份，特征，
3、属性或状态等。单词、短语或从句均可充当表语。,1)Wangs father is a doctor. （名词） 2) He is always careless. （形容词） 3) The basketball match is on. （副词） 4) All the pupils are on the playground now. （介词短语）,宾语:表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词或介词后面.,1) Wang Ling give me a book to read in the bus.（双宾语） 2) The medicine is good for this boy. 3)
4、Do you understand what I mean?,定语:是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。,Mary is a chemistry teacher.（名词作定语） He is our friend. （代词作定语） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词作定语） The man over there is my old friend. (副词作定语),状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。,1)She sings quite wel
5、l. （副词） 2)On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. （介词短语） 3)Arriving there, call me up. 4)The boy needs a pen to do his homework. 5)He is very handsome.,补足语：用来补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状态。分为宾补和主补。,主补：对主语的补充。 He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room. He was advised to teach the lazy
6、 boy a lesson.,宾语补足语:在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作,状态,特征.,We elected him monitor. （名词作宾补） We will make them happy. （形容词作宾补） We found nobody in. ( 副词作宾补) Please make yourself at home. （介词短语作宾补） Dont let him do that. （省to不定式名词作宾补） His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式名词作宾补） Dont keep the fir
7、e burning. （现在分词名词作宾补） Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词名词作宾补）,同位语 是在名词或代词之后,对其作进一步解释或说明，在语法上处于同等地位。名词、代词、数词、和从句等均可作同位语。如：,We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生） We all are students. (all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们） The news that were having a holiday tomorrow is true. （从句作同位语）,英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五
8、种 基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。,掌握这五种基本句型, 是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,一: (主谓) 二: (主系表) 三: (主谓宾) 四: (主谓间宾直宾) 五: (主谓宾宾补),基本句型 一:(主谓),主语: 可以作主语的成分有名词, 主格代词, 动词不定式, 动名词等等。主语一般在句首。,谓语: 谓语由动词构成, 是英语时态、语态 变化的主角, 一般在主语之后。不及物动词 (vi.)没有宾语, 形成主谓结构。,如: We come.,(不及物动词),1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4
9、. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly,此句型的句子有一个共同特点, 即句子的谓语动词 都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词， 后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。,主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。,如: 1. The red sun rises in the east. 2. So they had to travel by air or boat. 3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus. 4. She sat there alone, r
10、eading a novel. 5. He came back when we were eating. 6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up.,基本句型二:(主系表),此句型的句子有一个共同的特点: 句子谓语 动词都不能表达一个完整的意思, 必须加上 一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合 谓语, 才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做 连系动词。,系动词分两类: be, look, keep, seem等, 表情况; get, grow, become, turn等属另一类, 表变
11、化。 be 本身没有什么意义, 只起连系主语和表语的 作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。,感官动词多可用作连系动词: look well/面色好, sound nice/听起来不错, feel good/感觉好, smell bad/难闻,(是系动词) (表语),1. Thisisan English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinnersmellsgood. 3. Hefellin love. 4. Everythinglooksdifferent. 5. Heis growingtall and strong. 6. Our wellhas gonedry.
12、7. His faceturnedred.,*There be 结构: There be 表示存在有。 这里的there没有实际意义, 不可与副词 there那里混淆。 此结构后跟名词, 表示 “(存在)有某事物”。,试比较: There is a boy there. (那儿有一个男孩) 前一个there无实意, 后一个there为副词那里。,系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。,一、系动词的分类： 常见的系动词大致可分为三类。 第一类：表示特征或状态的，有be， look， feel， seem， appear， smell，
13、 taste， sound， turn out（结果是、证明是）等。 Youll be all right soon. You dont look very well. I feel rather cold.,He seems to be ill. It appears that he is unhappy. The roses smell sweet. The mixture tasted horrible. How sweet the music sounds! The day turned out (to be) a fine one.,第二类：表示从一种状态到另一种状态的变化，有bec
14、ome， get， grow， turn， fall， go， come， run等。 He became a world-famous scientist. It is getting warmer and warmer. It grew dark. The food has turned bad.,第三类：表示保持状态的，有keep， remain， continue，stay等。 Keep quiet, children! The weather continued fine for a long time. It remains to be proved.,系动词后的表语可以是名词、代
15、词、数词、形容词、分词、动名词、不定式、副词、介词短语、词组、从句，系动词be可用于上述所有情况。 The news was surprising.（分词） His job is teaching English.（动名词） The only method is to give the child more help.（不定式） I must be off now.（副词） The bridge is under construction.（介词短语） That would be a great weight off my mind.（词组） This is why he was late.（从句）,所有的系动词都可接形容词作表语，此处略举数例。 Our future will be beautiful. She looks unhappy today. Do you feel cold？ You seem/appear ill. The food tastes delicious. The weather is turning/ growing/ becoming/ getting cold. He often went hungry.,3.能用不定式作表
