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1、1,Intercultural Communication,Understanding Cultures Cultural Metaphors 文化的比喻,Presentation 2,Culture is a Bridge.,2,CONTENTS,1. The Cultural Iceberg 2. The Cultural Onion 3.The Cultural Software 4.The Cultural Fish 5. The Cultural Story 6. Culture by Chinese 7. Culture by Americans,3,1.The Cultural
2、Iceberg,4,Culture Like an Iceberg,a. Objective culture: history, literature, and customs. ( visible, small part) b. Subjective culture: feelings and attitudes about things. (invisible, large part ),5,The Cultural Iceberg,6,fine arts, literature, drama, classical music, popular music, folk dancing, g
3、ames, cooking, dress (2) eye behavior, contextual conversation patterns, social interaction rate, facial expressions,Objective Culture,7,(1) notions of modesty, conception of beauty, ideal of childrearing, relationships to animals (2) patterns of superior/subordinate relations, definition of sin, co
4、urtship practices, conception of justice, incentives to work, notions of leadership, tempo of work, group decision-making,Subjective Culture,8,(3) conception of cleanliness, attitudes towards dependents, theory of disease, approaches to problem-solving, conception of status mobility, status designat
5、ions based on age, sex, class, occupation, kinship, etc. (4) nature of friendship, ordering of time, concept of “self”, preference for competition or cooperation, body language, notions about logic and validity, patterns of handling emotions,Subjective Culture,9,Objective Culture & Subjective Cultur
6、e,1) notions of modesty, conception of beauty, ideal of childrearing, relationships to animals 2) patterns of superior/subordinate relations, definition of sin, courtship practices, conception of justice, incentives to work, notions of leadership, tempo of work, group decision-making,1) fine arts, l
7、iterature, drama, classical music, popular music, folk dancing, games, cooking, dress 2) eye behavior, contextual conversation patterns, social interaction rite, facial expressions,(3)conception of cleanliness, attitudes towards dependents, theory of disease, approaches to problem-solving, conceptio
8、n of status mobility, status designations based on age, sex, class, occupation, kinship, etc. (4)nature of friendship, ordering of time, concept of “self”, preference for competition or cooperation, body language, notions about logic and validity, patterns of handling emotions,10,Cultural Iceberg,1）
9、美术、文学、戏剧、古典音乐、流行隐喻、民间舞蹈、饮食、服饰 2）目光、语境谈话方式、社交频率、面部表情,1）谦虚观念、美的概念、子女抚养标准、与动物的关系 2）上下级关系模式、罪恶的定义、求爱方式、工作的积极性、友谊的性质、 对领导的看法、工作节奏、集体决策 3）整洁的概念、对依赖的态度、疾病理论、解决问题方法、地位变化看法、 因年龄（性别、阶级、职业、亲属关系等）社会地位的称谓 4）朋友的意义、时间观念、 、对“个人”的看法、对竞争和合作的偏爱、 肢体语言、对逻辑和信度的概念、控制情感的模式,11,2. The Cultural Onion,12,The onion has three di
10、fferent layers. The outer layer, the middle layer, the inner nuclear layer. By the same token, culture like an onion. when you strip it layer by layer, you will notice the fact that the culture also have three layers.,2. The Onion Culture,13,Geert Hefestede,a social psychologist and behavioural scie
11、ntist in 1991 came up with this explanation of culture. In his view, culture is like an onion: a system that can be peeled, layer by layer, in order to reveal the content. Imagine the whole onion as culture and as you peel on, you see different levels which work on and influence culture (in any part
12、icular society).,14,Three levels of culture that are more clearly observable: 1) The outer level: symbols, such as words, color or other artifacts that carry a special meaning 2）The middle level: heroes, such as admired persons who serve as an example for behavior 3）The inner nucleus level: rituals,
13、 such as ways of greeting and paying respect,Three Levels,15,Symbols: dressing, simple, neat, free; language, logical and normative. 2) Heroes: Otto Von Bismarck(1815-1898, united Germany) courageous and determined; Karl Marks(1818-1883) precise and calm 3）Rituals: hate to waste time. Values: credib
14、ility, preciseness, being perfect and practical,Germans in Cultural Onion,16,Symbols: no separation among offices, humorous language and dressed individually. 2) Heroes: Albert Lincoln, for democracy; Bill Gates, taking risk and innovative. 3）Rituals: small power distance, equal, names directly, Val
15、ues: freedom, diversity, risk-taking and innovative,Americans in Cultural Onion,17,Symbols: strictly abide by rules, dressed neatly and perfectly, simple and directly language 2) Heroes: Konosuke Matsushita (松下幸之助, founder of Panasonic) , firm and persistent; Akira Kurosawa (黑泽民), inflexible and sim
16、ple. 3）Rituals: serious with dressing, faulty with professional image Values: high degree in agreement, group is first,Japanese in Cultural Onion,18,Seven Layers & Three Levels,1) artifacts 2) behavior 3) feelings 4) values 5) beliefs 6) worldview 7) ultimate allegiance,19,Seven Layers & Three Levels,1) Foundational level 2) Evaluating level 3) Actualizing level,20,外层：象征物，语言、食物、服饰、建筑、时装、艺术,中间层：英雄人物性格，可敬英雄人物的影响,核心层：礼仪，打招呼、尊重等,Three Levels,21,基础层（内）：理解世界的开始和根本，我们的心理地图,评价层（中）：检查和评
