《孙远四级作文笔记》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《孙远四级作文笔记（7页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、孙远作文笔记第一天6.17 两篇作文：一、Analysis of an Issue (perspective观点)分析要evidence reasoning , objective 二、二者择其一Take a position and supported立论，确定立场并支持Analysis of an argument = critique your argument批判、批驳要求：1.articulately express your idea clearly and complicatedly 2.examine claims and company evidence 3.support
2、idea with relevant examples 4.sustain a well focus coherent discussions 5.control the element of standard of English 题库：共249题安排：1-3讲argument 4-6讲Issue 侧重analytical thinking,语言次之4分够用，5分有竞争优势Argument -策略：1.掌握分析技巧2.掌握开头和结尾的module 3.准备每道题的提纲(chance favors only the prepared minds) 4.学用一些闪光句型5.熟读argument题
3、目-审题：论述包括：论点claim (信号词：therefore,so,thus,consequently) 支持support - evidence: examples,facts,statistics,authorities -reasons: assumptions, values,beliefs -验证逻辑critique logic survey -quantity , quality(random)包括1.分组group分为几个sub group 2.pecentage of each sub 3.select sample取样procedure有没有sample或人被排除在外ho
4、w large was the sample ? Are the statistics complete ? Different: Do the statistics make a difference ?数据重要么？闪光句型：1. the assumption thatis open to doubt/ unreliable /unfounded / goundless / unwarranted 2. the arguer commits a fallacy of3. the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between A
5、 and B 4. the result of the survey lacks credibility and therefore does not lend strong support to the arguers assumption. 5. the arguer fails to convince us thatcontribute to / lead to / result in6. the comparison between A and B is incomplete 7. it is possible / likely that第二天6.19 一、写作步骤：1. skim t
6、he question and write the introduction 2. input the topic sentence.找出问题所在，一个问题一句话3. develop the body paragraphs one by one.逐一展开问题段落，按重要性递减的规律展开4. conclusion(略) 5. checking 二、开头段的写作：找出原论证的结论或主张，指出原论证的论据和假设，指出原论证的逻辑错误。忠实的保留原始信息。用自己的词保留原始信息。In this argument / analysis, the arguer concludes / claims tha
7、t.To support / justify the conclusion , the arguer points out / provides the evidence thatand thatIn addition , the arguer reasons (推理) that. This argument suffers from several critical fallacies / flaws. 三、SURVEY问题：1. vague = misleading (majority, percent, base number, few, many) 2. question: what
8、questions will ask in the survey? Loaded questions有误导性的问题3. Who 4. Average平均数不适合于每个成员5. Confusing causal relationship with correlation混淆因果关系与相关性Every causal relationship implies a correlation, but the statistical correlation does not necessarily implies a causal relation. 6. When was the survey cond
9、ucted? 7. Are respondents (授调查者) being forthright (直率，说真话) ? Image men / essence men 闪光句型: 1. the arguer over simplifies the issue of2. the arguer unfairly assumes that3. the arguer fails takesintosaccount other factors that4. the procedure of the survey might be problematic. 第三天6.21 正文写作一、段数量：24段之间
10、，一段含48个句子二、TOPIC SENTENCE内参4页三、过渡句，承上启下l firstsecond. Third. l In the first placein the second placelast but not leastl The major problem with this argument is thatAnother problem that weakens/ undermines (削弱) the logic of this argument is thatBefore I come to my conclusion, it is necessary to point
11、 out another flaw (several other flaws) that undermines the argument. 四、攻击的方法：例证法：for example / instance 假设法：if, even if , given that (考虑到)，granted that (姑且承认), only when (只有当)，unless , in this / that case , even so Unless the arguer provides substantial evidence regarding / concerning / as to, the
12、assumption thatis unfounded / problematic / unconvincing推测法：it is possible that, it is equally possible that, another possibility is that, it is also likely thatpossibly , perhaps 五、运用闪光句型增加文采：P 88 六、数据的问题：1. Begging the question把有待证实的关键性假设当作已经成立Circular reasoning循环论证P35 2 , P44 37, P53 73 2. Fallac
13、y of missing evidence Hasty generalization急于概括Neglect a relevant evidence忽略相关证据P51 66 , P48 56 3. False analogy只看到表层差异，而忽略深层差异P63 112 , P42 29 4. False dilemma / either or fallacy非此即彼的错误P59 96 , P43 34 5. Non sequitor = non causal relationship P50 62 , P52 70 闪光句型: In the absence of all this informa
14、tion, it is impossible for us to evaluatethatHowever, the arguer fails to provide any information regardingIt is very likely that 第四天 6.246. post hoc , ergo prepter hoc = after this , therefore because of thisP46 47 , P55 817. concurrence P36 5 , P50 618. incomplete comparison or selective comparison P54 789. composition and divisioncomposition:把个体特征不恰当的移植到整体上division:把群体特征简单的移植到个体上P48 55最后段的写作：两项任务：1.指出原论者未能有效的支持自己的结论2.指出原论者可以从正文分析的几个方面加强原论证。针对正文几个topic sentence作者应在这几个方面加强Module: p75-p79Issue (是非问题)Strategy: P67选题：构思：brain
