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1、Using R forData Management,Statistical Analysis, and GraphicsNicholas J. HortonDepartment of Mathematics and Statistics Smith CollegeNorthampton, MassachusettsKen KleinmanDepartment of Population Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston, MassachusettsCRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000 Broken Sound Pa
2、rkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLCCRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government worksPrinted in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1International Standard Bo
3、ok Number: 978-1-4398-2755-0 (Paperback)This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the c
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5、 write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit- ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopyin
6、g, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http:/ or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC),
7、 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.Trademark Notice: Product
8、 or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.Library of Congress CataloginginPublication DataHorton, Nicholas J.Using R for data management, statistical analysis, and graphics / Nick Horton, Ken Kleinm
9、an.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4398-2755-0 (pbk. : alk. paper)1. R (Computer program language) 2. Open-source software. 3. Database management. 4. Mathematical statistics-Data processing. I. Kleinman, Ken. II. Title.QA76.73.R3H67 2011519.502855133-dc222010021409Vi
10、sit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http:/and the CRC Press Web site at http:/ContentsList of TablesxviiList of FiguresxixPrefacexxi1 Introduction to R11.1 Installation21.1.1 Installation under Windows21.1.2 Installation under Mac OS X31.1.3 Installation under Linux41.2 Running R and sample session
11、41.2.1 Replicating examples from the book and sourcingcommands41.2.2 Batch mode61.3 Using the R Commander graphical interface71.4 Learning R and getting help81.5 Fundamental structures: Objects, classes, and related concepts . 10 1.5.1Objects and vectors101.5.2 Indexing101.5.3 Operators111.5.4 Lists
12、111.5.5 Matrices121.5.6 Dataframes131.5.7 Attributes and classes151.5.8 Options151.6 Built-in and user-defined functions151.6.1 Calling functions151.6.2 Writing functions161.6.3 The apply family of functions181.7 Add-ons: Libraries and packages181.7.1 Introduction to libraries and packages181.7.2 CR
13、AN task views19vviCONTENTS1.7.3 Installed libraries and packages201.7.4 Recommended packages211.7.5 Packages referenced in the book221.7.6 Datasets available with R241.8 Support and bugs242 Data management252.1 Input252.1.1 Native dataset252.1.2 Fixed format text files262.1.3 Other fixed files262.1.
14、4 Reading more complex text files262.1.5 Comma-separated value (CSV) files272.1.6 Reading datasets in other formats272.1.7 URL282.1.8 XML (extensible markup language)282.1.9 Data entry292.2 Output292.2.1 Save a native dataset292.2.2 Creating files for use by other packages292.2.3 Creating datasets i
15、n text format302.2.4 Creating HTML formatted output302.2.5 Creating XML datasets and output302.2.6 Displaying objects312.2.7 Displaying formatted output312.2.8 Number of digits to display322.2.9 Automating reproducible analysis and output322.3 Structure and meta-data322.3.1 Access variables from a dataset322.3.2 Names of variables and their types332.3.3 Rename variables in a dataset332.3.4 Add comment to a dataset or variable332.4 Derived v
