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1、虚拟语气虚拟语气陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：0-0There are two sides to every question./ 0-1Were you busy all day yesterday?祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如：0-2Never be late again!/ 0-3Dont forget to turn off the light.虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如：0-4If I were a bird, I could fly in the air
2、. 一 真实条件与非现实条件真实条件表示现实情况中可能实现的情况而非真实条件表示与现实情况相反的假想。1-1 If the working conditions are not too bad, I will accept the job.如果工作条件不太差，我会接受这项工作。(真实条件)1-2 If the working conditions were not too bad, I would accept the job.如果工作条件不太差，我就接受这项工作了。(非真实条件) (事实是The working conditions are too bad,、I wont accept th
3、e job)1-3 He said if he failed, he would have another try.他说他如果失败，他还会再试一次。(真实条件)1-4 If he had failed, he would have had another try.如果他失败的话，他会再试一次的。(非真实条件)(事实是He didnt fail and he didnt have another try.)二 非真实条件句2.1 if条件状语从句中的虚拟语气 类别用法例句If引导的条件从 句与现在事实相反从句动词：过去式（be用were）主句动词：should/would/could/might
4、+动词原形If it werent snowing, we wouldnt stay in the house.（事实上现在下雪）If he hurried, he could catch the first bus.If it werent for your help, we would get into trouble. 与过去事实相反从句动词：had+过去分词主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词If I had been free, I would have visited you.If Bob had come with us, he woul
5、d have had a good time.If you had taken my advice, you would not have made such a mistake.与将来事实相反从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形/ were+不定式主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.We would stay at home if it should rain tomorrow.If I were to do the examination I woul
6、d do it some other way.注意:主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称，且不可以被would所代替。2.2 混合虚拟结构2.2.1不同时间的虚拟If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now.（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反）If he had told me yesterday, I should know what to do now. （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反）If I were you, I wou
7、ld have gone to her birthday party. （从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反）2.2.2 虚拟与陈述的混合He could have passed the exam, but he wasnt careful enough. You should have come earlier. The bus left a moment ago. 例题解析：The tree looked as if it _ for a long time.A. hasnt wateredB. didnt waterC. hadnt bee wateredD. wasnt water
8、ed那棵树看上去好象很久没人给浇水了。（答案是c）三 含蓄条件句非真实条件句中的条件从句不出现if，假想条件只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。What would I have done without you? 如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在分词短语without you中)It would be easier to do it this way. 这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语to do it this way中)I would appreciate a little of your time. 谢谢你给我一点时间吧。(可能暗含if you were so kind
9、 as to give me a little of your time) 3.1 without/but for/in the absence of 表示“要不是”，“如果没有”(相当于if it were not for)表示条件时，句中一般用虚拟语气。（也可用陈述语气）Without your help, I couldn t finish my work on time.In the absence of water and air, nothing could live. But for your assistance, we could not accomplish it.要不是你
10、的帮忙，我们是难有成就的。3.2句中含有or, or else, otherwise, but等词语，暗示句子的某一部分(前句或后句)需用虚拟语气。He was on business in Beijing at that time; otherwise he might have helped us。Luckily Mary telephoned to inform me of the meeting, or would have been I absent。I should have attended my friends wedding ceremony, but I couldnt a
11、fford the time。四 非真实条件句倒装省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。If he had seen you yesterday，he would have asked you about it. Had he seen you yesterday，he would have asked you about it. If I were you，I would do it at once. Were I you，I would do it at once. Should he com
12、e (If he should come), tell him to ring me up.Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做这事。Had he had lunch (If he had had lunch), he would not have eaten so many cookies.五 宾语从句中的虚拟语气5.1下列动词后的宾语从句中insist(坚持)， urge (催促)， order(命令)， command(命令)， request(请求，要求)， demand(要求)，require(要求，需要)su
13、ggest(建议)，advise(建议)，propose(建议) , recommend(建议， 推荐) 用(should ) +动词原形He suggested that we (should) save money for the future.The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south.注意：当suggest表示暗示，insist表示坚持观点，事实时，后接的宾语从句应当用真实语气。His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.He in
14、sists that doing morning exercises does well to peoples health. 例题详解：(1) “Shall I come tomorrow?” “Id rather you _.”A. wont B. didnt C. dont D. wouldnt(2) “Ive told him about it.” “But Id rather you _.”A. didnt B. hadnt C. dont D. wouldnt(3) “He will take you as well.” “But Id rather he _.”A. wont B
15、. didnt C. doesnt D. wouldntB5.2 wish后接that宾语从句表示一种假想情况，实现可能性较小5.2.1对现在情况的虚拟，假想的情况与主句主语的愿望同时发生：宾语从句动词用过去式，谓语be用were。例：I wish I knew the answer to the question.我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around. 但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚
