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1、高三英语总复习基础部分语法讲解篇,2.3 高中英语常用语法定语从句,一、定义及相关术语 1.定语从句:修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。 2.先行词:被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。 3.关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who, whom,whose,as等;关系副词有when,where,why,而关系副词往往可以替换为介词+which结构。 关系词通常有下列三个作用:A.引导定语从句;B.代替先行词;C.在定语从句中担当一个成分。 例如:The man who is shaking han
2、ds with my father is a policeman. 该句中,who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句,修饰先行词the man,who是引导定语从句的关系词,代替先行词the man,在定语从句中作主语。,二、关系代词引导的定语从句 1.who指人,在定语从句中作主语。 The boys who are playing football are from Class One. Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 2.whom 指人,在定语从句中作宾语,常可省略。 The
3、 professor (whom) you are waiting for has come. The man (whom/who) you met just now is my old friend. 注意:关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替,也可省略。 3.which指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。 The company which makes computers is far away from here. The film (which) they went to see last night was not interesting at all
4、.,4.that指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。 The number of people that/who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. Yesterday I received a letter that/which came from Australia. 5.whose通常指人,也可指物,多指代所属关系,常翻译为“的”,在定语从句中作定语。 I visited a scientist whose name is known all ove
5、r the country.He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 6.as通常引导非限制性定语从句,意义上等同于which引导的非限制性定语从句,先行词通常为一件事情,但as的位置相当灵活,可放句首、句中和句末,而which只能放在先行词之后。 As is known to all,China is a developing country. He is from the south,as we can know from his accent. John,as you know,is a famous writer.,注意:虽然that在引导定语
6、从句时常常可以和which,who互换,但是在限制性定语从句中某些情况下只能使用that。 (1)当先行词是everything,anything,nothing(something除外), all,none,few,little,some等不定代词时,或当先行词被every,any,all, some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰时。如: Have you taken down everything that Mr.Li said? There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. All t
7、hat can be done has been done. (2)当先行词被序数词修饰时。如: The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. (3)当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如: This is the best film that I have ever seen.,(4)当先行词被the very,the only修饰时。如: This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. After the fire in his house,the old car is t
8、he only thing that he owns. (5)当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时。如: Who is the man that is standing by the gate? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? (6)当先行词为人和物时。如: They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school. Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.,三、“介词+
9、关系代词”引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。 The school in which he once studied is very famous. Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine for which you asked. This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday. Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. The way that/in which
10、he answered the questions was surprising. I dont like the way that/in which you laugh at her. (the way作先行词情况特殊,除可以用in which引导定语从句外,还可以用that或者省略。),注意: 1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开,介词仍放在短语动词的后面。 如:look for,look after,take care of等。 This is the watch (which/that) I am looking for.(正) This is the watch for which I
11、am looking.(误) 2.若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时只可用whom,不可用who,that;关系代词指物时只可用which,不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。 The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour.(正) The man with that/who you talked just now is my neighbour.(误) 3.“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。如: He loves
12、his parents deeply,both of whom are very kind to him. In the basket there are quite many apples,some of which have gone bad.,四、关系副词引导的定语从句 1.when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。 I still remember the day when I first came to this school. Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparent
13、s? 2.where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。 Shanghai is the city where I was born. The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 3.why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. The reason why he was punished is unknown to us.,注意:关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。 I will neve
14、r forget the day when/on which my son was born. Great changes are taking place in the city where/in which they live. The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 总结:,五、关系代词与关系副词的选择 用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中所担当的成分。 试比较: A.I know a place where we can have a picnic. I know a p
15、lace which/that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. B.I will never forget the days when we were together. I will never forget the days that/which we spent together. C.This is the reason why he was dismissed. This is the reason that/which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting.
16、,六、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句区别 1.限制性定语从句 形式上:不用逗号“,”与主句隔开。 意义上:是先行词不可缺少的定语,若删除,主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。 译法上:译成先行词的定语:“的” 关系词的使用上: A.作宾语时可省略 B.可用that C.可用who代替whom 限制性定语从句举例: The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. I know a place where we can have fun.,2.非限制性定语从句 形式上:用逗号“,”与主句隔开。 意义上:只是对先行词的补充说明,若删除,主句仍能表达完整的意思。 译法上:通常译成主句的并列句。 关系词的使用上: A.不可省略 B.不用that C.不可用who代替whom 非限制性定语从句举例: His mother,who loves him very much,is strict with him. He is quite rich,which can partly exp
