英语四级语法

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1、,一、时态、语态 二、非谓语动词（不定式 、动名词 、分词） 三、虚拟语气 四、情态动词 五、形容词、副词及其比较级 六、平行结构 七、代词,八、主谓一致问题 九、倒装,强调结构 十、复合句形容词性(定语)从句 十一、复合句名词性从句 十二、复合句副词性(状语)从句,一、时态、语态,1.表达将来时的形式： (1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型。 Ill tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句) 比较：Ill tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他

2、。(状语从句) (2)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时 2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语： (1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。 (2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。 (3)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具

3、体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时, 但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。 (4)在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。 (5)在no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen句型中，主句常用过去完成时。,非谓语动词（不定式 、动名词 、分词）,不定式做宾语的动词： afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, endeavor, in

4、tend, pledge, pretend, resolve, request, swear, tend, venture等 不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。 (1)in order to(do), so as to(do)结构引导目的状语，so as to不能置于句首。 (2)soas to, suchas to, enoughto, tooto结构做程度状语。 (3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时用only加强语气。 (4)not/never too to, too not to, but/only tooto, too ready/eager/a

5、pt/inclined to 表示肯定意义。,接动名词做宾语的动词： acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, admit, confess, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, justify, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, recall，recollect，risk, resist, suggest, tolerate 考生尤其要

6、识别下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号： object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to, be (get) used to, come close to, get down to, give oneself up to,

7、 preferto, see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with a view to, on the way to。,1. 现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。 过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。 2. 分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式： (1)表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。 (2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。 (3)表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。 (4)表示结果，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。 (5)表示

8、补充说明(同位)，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。 3. 分词的独立主格结构 分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分。如： All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.,非谓语动词易错点,1. 接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以，但在意思上有区别的动词的用法 mean to do想要(做某事) propose to do 打算(做某事) mean doing意味(做某事) propose doing建议(做某事) forget to do忘记(要做的事) remember to

9、do记得(要做某事) forget doing忘记(已做的事) remember doing记得(已做过的事) go on to do继而(做另一件事) stop to do停下来去做另一件事 go on doing继续(做原来的事) stop doing停止正在做的事 regret to do(对将要做的事)遗憾 regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔 2. 不定式的习惯用法 句型：cannot help but do (Cp. Cannot help doing) cannot but do cannot choose but do can do nothing but do hav

10、e no choice/alternative but to do,3. 动名词的习惯用法 be busy/active doing sth. Have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth. Its no good/use/picnic doing sth. have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth. spend/waste time doing sth. There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth. cannot help doing sth. There is no

11、 doing sth. 4. there be 非谓语动词的用法 (1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如： The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语) (2) for there to be (3) 做除for外的介词宾语，用there being。如： He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought.,三、虚拟

12、语气,1. (1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配: 主句 从句 (if) 与现在事实相反 would/情态动词过去式+do were (不分人称)/did 与过去事实相反 would/情态动词过去式+have done had done 与将来事实相反 would/情态动词过去式+do should do / were to do (2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念： (3)识别事实和假设混合句： (4) 省略if, 条件从句倒装 2. 从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉： (1)下列动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式： desire, advise,

13、 recommend, command, direct, order, ask, demand, request, require, insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, urge, vote。 (2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式： advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory,

14、 possible, probable, proper, vital, advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested。,3. (1)连词but, but that, or, or else；副词otherwise, unfortunately等表示转折假设。 (2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without, but for, under more favorable conditions等。 (3)intende

15、d/meant/hoped/wished/plann 或 was/were +不定式完成式 或 had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished +不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time. (4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didnt. 4. 常用虚拟形式的句型 (1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型： would rather would as soon as though suppose had rather would sooner as if supposing If only It is (high) time that(从句中动词只用过去式) (2)If it were not for (与现在事实相反) If it had not been for (与过去事实相反) 相当于but for。 (3)If only谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。 (4)lest/for fear that/in case 从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。