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1、Grammar,Direct and indirect speech,妈妈说: “ 杰克是个好工人”.,Mother said :”Jack is a good worker.”,妈妈说杰克是个好工人。,Mother said that Jack is a good worker.,直接引语：,间接引语,一、如何变人称： 口诀：一随主。二随宾，第三不变。,“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如： She said. “My brother wants to go shopping with me. ” She
2、 said her brother wanted to go shopping with her.,“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：,He said to Kate, “How is your sister now?” He asked Kate how her sister was then.,“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：,Mr. Smith said, “
3、Jack is a good boy.” Mr. Smith said Jack was a good boy.,二.时态的变化： 1.当主句动词为一般现在时或现在完成时,一般将来时的时候，从句动词时态不变。 1)She often says, “ All men and women are equal under the law.” 变为：She often says that all men and women are equal under the law. 2)“You did very well,” I have just told Tom. 变为：I have just told
4、Tom that he did very well.,3)She will say, “Ill do it tomorrow.” She will say that shell do it the next day.,2. 主句谓语动词为一般过去时的时候，从句谓语动词要发生相应的变化。,一般现在时 现在进行时 现在完成时 一般过去时 过去完成时 一般将来时,一般过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时,过去完成时,不变,过去将来时,.一般现在时变一般过去时： The girl said, “Im sorry for being late for class.” The girl said that sh
5、e was sorry for being late for class. .一般过去时变过去完成时： He said to me, “I met your father.” He told me that he had met my father.,1).时态需要变化的是：,.一般将来时变过去将来时： She said, “He will go to see his friend.” She said he would go to see his friend. .现在完成时变过去完成时： She said. “I have lost a pen.” She said that she ha
6、d lost a pen .现在进行时变过去进行时： She said to me, “Im studying Japanese these days.” She told me that she was studying Japanese those days. 6.过去完成时：She said, “They had left when I arrived there.”She said they had left when she arrived there.,注意：下列情况时态不变。 1.不变的真理。 The teacher said to the students, ”Water fr
7、eezes when the temperature falls below zero.” 改为：The teacher told the students that water freezes when the temperature falls below zero.,2. 直接引语中有明确表示过去时间的状语： Xiao Wang said. “I was born on April 21,1980.” Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980,三、如何变句型： 直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导 的宾语从句。 She sai
8、d, “Our bus will arrive in five minutes.“ She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes. 直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句， 间接引语应改为由 whether或if引导的宾语从句. He said, “Can you swim, John?“ He asked John if he could swim。 “Do you go to school by bus or by bike?” He asked me if I went to school by bus or by b
9、ike. 直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。 She asked me, “When do they have their dinner?” She asked me when they had their dinner. She asked me, “What was Jack doing when I come in?” She asked me what Jack was doing when she came in.,直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为“ tell (ask, order, beg等) sb (no
10、t) to do sth.”句型 。 如： 1.“Dont make any noise,“ the teacher said to the students. She told (ordered) the students not to make any noise. 2.“Open the door, please,“ said she. She asked him to open the door.,Summary 1当直接引语是陈述句：由( that) 引导 主语（said) that+句子（时态往过去推 told 2 当直接引语是一般疑问句: 用 if引导 whether 主语（as
11、ked) if +一般疑问句(主谓结构） whether 窍门（do /does /did去掉） （be/can/may/must/will/should放主语后）,3.当直接引语是特殊疑问句时，用原来的特殊疑问词引导（what / where等） 主语 asked+what 特殊疑问句（主谓） where 4当直接引语是祈使句时用句型： 主语+ told sb (not)to do sth asked ordered,change the direct speech into reported speech,1 The girl said,“I will have a party.” The
12、 girl said (that) she would have a party. 2 He asked me,“Is your father a doctor?” He asked me if /whether my father was a doctor. 3 The police asked the man ,“Where are you going?” The police asked the man where he was going.,4 Mother said to Tom,“get up earlier!” Mother told/asked Tom to get up ea
13、rlier. 5 The teacher said to us,“ Dont talk in class!” The teacher told /asked us not to talk in class. 6 The teacher said,“ The moon goes around the earth.” The teacher said(that) the moon goes around the earth.,四.指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化,由直接引语转变为间接引语,下列代词、形容词、副词、动词等可能要变化。,that those then before that d
14、ay the next day,the next week in two days time the day before the night before two days before come/go bring/take there/here,三.代词、形容词、副词、动词的变化。,this these now ago today tomorrow the day after tomorrow yesterday last night the day before yesterday go bring here,that/this,those/these,then,before,that
15、day/today,the next day,in two days time,the day before,the night before,two days before,come /go,take,there,Exercise,1. “I never eat meat.” he said. He said that _ never _ meat. 2. “Ive found my wallet.” he said to me. He _ me that he _ _ _ wallet. 3. “I took it home with me.” she said. She said tha
16、t _ _ _ it home with her. 4. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and goes down in the west.” The teacher said that the sun _ in the east and _ down in the west. 5. “I met her yesterday.” he said to me. He _ me that he _ met the day _. 6. “You must come here before five.” he said. He said that I _ to go _ before five. 7. “I b
