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1、过去完成时和过去完成进行时过去完成进行时（Past Perfect Progressive Tense）过去完成式的基本结构如下：had + past participle过去完成式是不能单独用的。我们用的时候，必须有另一个事件。也就是说，假如我们有两件事 A 和 B，两件事都发生在过去，但 A 发生在 B 以前，A 应该用过去完成式，B 则用过去式。以下是几个例子：（1） 他到台湾以前，曾学过中文。He had studied Chinese before he came to Taiwan.（2） 他念大学以前，曾前工作过。He had worked before he decided t
2、o go to college.（3） 我写这篇有关爱尔兰的小说以前，曾去过爱尔兰。I had been to Ireland before I wrote this book about Irelands people.（4） 我在上大学以前，已经学过微积分。I had studied calculus before I got into college.（5） 周一以前，已经下过雪了。It had already snowed before Monday.（6） 警察到来之前，小偷已经跑了。When the police arrived, the thieves had already r
3、un away.（7） 到那时，他的家人已经有半年没有他的消息了。Until then, his family hadnt heard from him for 6 months. 如果我们要强调较早发生事件的连续性，我们可以用过去完成进行式。占去完成进行式和现在进行式惟一不同的地方是 verb to have 的地方一定要用had 。以下是一些过去完成进行式的例子：1. I had been watching TV before you called me.2. I had been working hard in a company for many years before I went
4、 to college.3. He had been studying before he went to class.4. He had been driving all day before he went to sleep. 过去完成时1） 概念：表示过去的过去-|-|-|-其构成是had +过去分词构成。那时 以前 那时 现在2） 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。She said (that) she had never been to Paris. b. 状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；
5、发生在后，用一般过去时。When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。He said that he had learned some English before.By
6、 the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.过去完成进行时形式：I （or You，He，John，They，Those men） had been studying770 过去完成进行时与过去完成时的用法很相近，它通常表示一个持续到过去某时的动作：He had been waiting for two weeks He was sti
7、ll waiting（有一个表示一段时间的状语）Up to that time he had been translating those books（He was still translating at “that time”）He had been writing the letter till two oclockHe was now thirty years oldHe had been gambling since he was ten（He was still gambling at thirty）He had been standing there in the sun（没有时
8、间状语）He had been thinking about his marriage不过这个时态并不一定表示这个过去动作将持续下去：He came back at sevenHe had been waiting for her two hours（At seven he did not wait any more）He stopped swimmingHe had been swimming for the last three hours 另一方面，这个时态也和现在完成进行时一样，也可有一些特别的含义：1）尚未完成：He had been writing the novel（He had
9、 not finishedit yet）2）企图：He had been studying the meaning of this proverb（He was trying to study it）3）未得结果：We had been studying what our enemy had said（But we were not able to understand it）4）最近情况：He had been quarrelling with his wife（lately）5）反复动作：He had been asking me the same question（Many times）
10、6）情绪：What had he been doing？（不耐烦）这个时态很少用在否定句中，而多以过去完成时代替：He had not practised English for many years（普通说法）He had not been practising English for many years（少见）这个时态还可用在said，supposed等引起的间接引语中，代替现在完成进行时：He said，“I have been speaking to John” He said that he had been speaking to JohnHe thought，“She was
11、watching me when I passed” He thought that she had been watching him when he had passed练习翻译句子1. 当他到达晚会时，他发现大多数客人已经离开了。Most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.2. 火车开出前，我们就已经到达火车站了。We had gotten to the station before the train left.3. 我们到电影院太晚了，电影已经开始了。We arrived at the cinema late. The film had already begun.4. 她很兴奋，因为她从来没有坐过飞机。She was very excited. She had never flown before.5. 我到家时，她已经睡觉了。By the time I got home, she had already gone to bed.2
