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1、Class 4. Values, Attitudes and Job Satisfaction,4.1 Values,1.Concepts,Basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence Importance: 1.Laying foundation for attitudes, m
2、otivation via influencing perceptions; 2. Individuals are not value free, standard of behavior; aligning with the organizations policy Value system:A hierarchy based on a ranking of an individuals values in terms of their intensity,2.Sources of Value system result of genetic component & learning,Bio
3、logical parents.A significant portion is genetically determined; Studies of twins reared apart demonstrate that 40% of the variation in work values;the majority is due to environment In early years. A significant portion is established from parents,teachers,friends and others societal values(culture
4、).Learning and education relatively stable and enduring. Absolute learning combined with genetic imprinting assuring,3.Types of values (1)Allport,Theoretical:the discovery of truth though a critical and rational approach Economic: the useful and practical Aesthetic: Form and harmony Social: the love
5、 of people Political:Acquisition of power and influence Religious:The unity of experience & understanding of the cosmos as a whole,3.Types of values (2)Roceach values survey(RVS),Terminal: Desirable end-states of existence; the goals to pursue during ones lifetime comfortable(exciting)life,sense of
6、accomplishment,world of peace(beauty),equality,family(nation) security,freedom, happiness,inner harmony,mature love,pleasure,salvation, self-respect,social recognition,true friendship,wisdom. Instrumental:preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving ones terminal values ambitious,broad-minded,
7、capable,cheerful,clean, honest, courageous,forgiving,helpful, imaginative,independent, intellectual,logical,loving,obedient,polite,responsible,self-control,3.Types of values (2)Roceach values survey(RVS),Mean value rankings of Executive, Self-resect ,Family-se, freedom, sense of acco, happiness hone
8、st, responsible, capable, ambitious, independent ; union members, family-secu, Freedom, happiness, self-respect, mature love responsible, honest, courageous, independent, capable activists Equality,world of peace, family-s honest happiness courageous, helpful, courageous, responsible, capable,3.Type
9、s of values (3)Contemporary work cohorts,Protestant work ethic:hard work; conservative; loyalty to the organization Existential:Quality of life,nonconforming,seeks autonomy; loyalty to self; 1960s-mid-1970s Pragmatic:Success,achievement,ambition,hard work; loyalty to career; mid-1970s-late 1980s Gen
10、eration X:Flexibility,job satisfaction,leisure time; loyalty to relationships 1990s,4.Values,Loyalty & Ethical Behavior,A decline in ethical standards? Self-centered 4 stages: The action of managers bosses is the most important factor influencing ethical behavior in organizations.,Class 4. Values, A
11、ttitudes and Job Satisfaction,4.2 Attitudes,1.Concept,Evaluative statements or judgement concerning objects,people,or events 3 components cognitive component-the opinion or belief segment of an attitude(value statement) affective component- emotional or feeling behavioral component-An intention to b
12、ehave in a certain way toward someone or sth. Essentially refers to the affect part,2.Sources of Attitudes,Acquired from parents,teachers,peer group members born with early years,model or imitate those one admire,respect,fear less stable(in contrast to values),affect job behavior,3. Types of Attitud
13、es job-related attitude(work environment),Job satisfaction-an individuals general attitude toward his or her job(almost =) Job involvement-the degree to which a person identifies with his(her)job, actively participates in it, consider the performance important to self-worth. negatively related to ab
14、senteeism,resignation rates; more consistently predict turnover than absenteeism;16% variance,3. Types of Attitudes job-related attitude(work environment),Organizational commitment- the degree to which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals,and wishes to maintain members
15、hip in it. negative relationships between Organizational commitment and absenteeism,turnover; better indicator of turnover than job satisfaction predictor,34% variance,4. Attitudes and Consistency,People seek consistency among their attitudes & between their attitudes & behavior seek to reconcile divergent attitudes and align their attitudes & behavior so they appear rational and consistent-Equilibrium state Altering their attitudes or behavior,developing a rationalization for their discrepancy,5.Cognitive Dissonance Theory Leon Festinger proposed in late 1950s,sough
