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1、REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT - Strategies and Innovation,2019/8/17,IC97,2,Research and development (R&D): 0.4% of annual sales Compared to automative 3% of annual sales, chemical 4%, drug companies 5%,American Construction Industry,2019/8/17,IC97,3,Trends of Construction Industry (Source: Construction in
2、dustry Executive Board, 1995),Use of computers to assist in design and construction Globalization - material, equipment, labor, and management More upstream vendors/supplier involvement in projects Reduced project life cycle Safety results are leveling off Green construction growth over complete pro
3、ject life cycle Contractor community consolidation,2019/8/17,IC97,4,Characteristics Complexity Time-consuming Diversity, each construction project is unique, - nonstandardized nature of production Subject to the influence of highly variable and unpredictable factors,The Construction Project,2019/8/1
4、7,IC97,5,Characteristics, in other words Transient nature Dynamic/continually changing Nonrepetitive Lack of data Lack of standardization “Low tech” Large number of participants,The Construction Project,2019/8/17,IC97,6,2.1.3,Kajima Technical Research Institute In 1949 Kajima became the first Japane
5、se construction company to establish a technical research institute ( KaTRI ). Since then Kajima has worked consistently to develop a wide range of construction technology.,2019/8/17,IC97,7,The Case of KaTRI,Kajima Technical Research Institute, the core of Kajima Corporations research and developmen
6、t establishment, is intently studying and developing a wide range of advanced technologies which enables Kajima realize their dreams, to create the best possible environment for people around the globe.,2019/8/17,IC97,8,The Case of KaTRI,The Case of KaTRI R&D In line with corporate R&D policies, KaT
7、RI leads independent research programs to exploit new technologies. Main Office R&D Projects Comprehensive technologies for marketable products and services are being developed by company-wide project teams. Joint R&D with Other Organizations Cooperative R&D activities are performed with domestic an
8、d foreign companies, universities, etc.,2019/8/17,IC97,9,The Case of KaTRI,Technical Cooperation & Consultation Solutions for Technical Problems Encountered in the Field Research Commissioned by Outside Organizations Training and Disseminating Information Training for technical staff Research report
9、 presentations and lectures Other channels for disseminating information,2019/8/17,IC97,10,The Case of KaTRI,R 1.42% in fiscal 1999.,2019/8/17,IC97,11,2.1.3,Kajima R&D Organization,2019/8/17,IC97,12,The Case of TAISEI,TAISEI Corporation is a leading Japanese architect-engineer-contractor. TAISEIs co
10、re operations building construction, civil engineering, and real estate development are complemented by a broad range of construction- related activities, including building project financing.,2019/8/17,IC97,13,Taisei Corporation established in 1874 is one of Japans leading engineering and construct
11、ion companies. Taiseis 1998 net sales were in excess of $13 Billion dollars.,2019/8/17,IC97,14,-Age of Technological Innovation Leading-Edge R&D Operations To maintain leading-edge technologies in all its business areas, Taisei has invested considerable resources in the establishment of excellent re
12、search facilities and organizations. The Companys Technology Research Center, dedicated exclusively to R&D, was created in 1960. The Technology Research Centers activities have expanded steadily and are now carried out by a staff of more than 200.,2019/8/17,IC97,15,- Pioneering High Technology: Appl
13、ication of the Latest Engineering and Construction Techniques Toyosu Research Institute (1960) In June 1958, Taisei Corporation built a technical research center to augment its capabilities for technical innovation. In 1960, the Toyosu Research Institute was constructed in Fukagawa, Tokyo, to engage
14、 in experiments and research to develop new construction techniques through the close collaboration of the engineering and construction divisions.,2019/8/17,IC97,16,2.1.3 模仿创新,施培公.后发优势.北京：清华大学出版社，1999 Kim, Linsoo. Imitation to Innovation. Harvard Business School Press, 1997.9,2019/8/17,IC97,17,2.1.3
15、 模仿创新,2.1.3.2 模仿创新战略的优劣势分析 模仿创新与产品竞争力 跟随学习效应 模仿创新与企业竞争力 快速高效的技术积累 组织学习 技术积累重心的后移 劣势分析,2019/8/17,IC97,18,2.1.3 模仿创新,2.1.3.3 创新战略选择 模仿创新与创新资源的优化配置 模仿创新与技术扩散 实际效果,2019/8/17,IC97,19,2.1.3 模仿创新,2.1.3.4 实施模仿创新战略应注意的问题 正确领会内涵 妥善处理知识产权保护与模仿创新之间的关系 强化对模仿创新能力的培育 快速反应能力、学习吸收能力、技术改进能力、大批量生产能力、市场营销能力 模仿创新启动的时机,2
16、019/8/17,IC97,20,2.1.3 合作创新,概 述 合作创新体制 组织模式 共生经济与合作创新 企业合作创新案例,2019/8/17,IC97,21,2.1.4 技术创新集群 Cluster of Innovations,2.1.4.1 技术创新集群概述 创新集群的类型 M型创新集群-时间意义上的创新集群 T型创新集群-空间意义上的创新集群,2019/8/17,IC97,22,2.1.4 技术创新集群,T型创新集群 企业内的技术创新集群 企业间的技术创新集群 共性技术(Generic Technology),2019/8/17,IC97,23,2.1.4 技术创新集群,国外对技术创新集群的研究 J. A. Schumpter 的研究 C. DeBression的研究,2019/8/17,IC97,24,2.1.4 技术创新集群,2.1.4.2 企业内的创新集群 企业的技术积累 企业内创新集群的模式 基于技术轨道（Trajectory)的顺轨性创新集群 基于技术平台（Platform)的衍生性创新集
