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1、一、 独立主格结构的含义和实质 “独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”，是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分句，与主句紧密联系在一起，共同表达一个完整的意思，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。 二、 独立主格结构的基本形式和功能 独立主格结构可以分为两部分：一部分是名词或代词，起逻辑主语的作用；另一部分是非谓语动词分句（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）或无动词分句（名
2、词、形容词、副词、介词短语），表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。 基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语，with引导的复合结构。 1 名词/代词+ 现在分词 （主动、进行） 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。 例The monitor being ill, wed better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。We shall play the match tomorro
3、w, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off. His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep. 注：“独立结构”中的being或 having been 有时可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。 2 名词/代词+过去分词 （被动、完成） 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。 例The last bus having gone, we had to walk
4、home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好 The job not finished, we couldnt see the film. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. 后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。 3 名词/代词+不定式 不定式表示的是将来的动作，尚未发生或即将要发生的动作。 例So
5、 many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. These are the first two books， the third one to come out next month. 4. 名词/代词+名词 名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。 例 Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.有很多人加入了这
6、项工作，其中一些事妇女和儿童。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。记住以下两个句型：There being +名词（代词）There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。 It being +名词（代词）It being Christmas, the government of
7、fices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。5 名词/代词+形容词（形容词短语） 形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。 例He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of sorry. 6 名词/代词+副词 副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。 例 The meeting over, we all went home. Nobody in, he left a mess
8、age on the board. He sat at the table, head down. 7. 名词/代词+介词短语 介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。 例 The teacher came in, a book under his arm. The hunter entered the forest，gun in hand Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away. 8 with引导的复合结构, 也可以认为是一种独立主格结构 例 A woman got on the bus with a baby aroun
9、d her arms. The teacher came in with several students following behind. With a lot of things to deal with, he will have a difficult time. With the work done, he went out to eat. He left the office with the lights on. Mary rushed out of the house with the door open. 三、英语独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原
10、因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。1. 用作时间状语The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。2. 用作条件状语Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。3. 用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important
11、 lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4. 用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。5. 表示补充说明A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his
12、face was red with cold). 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。四、 学习独立主格结构应注意的一些问题 1 独立主格结构中分句和主句的主语不一致 从以上例子我们可以看出，含有独立主格结构的句子，前后主语是不一致的，这也是独立主格结构和非谓语分句作状语的最重要区别。 例 (1) Hear
13、ing the news, he was very excited. (2) Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 在这两个句子里，第一个句子，前后的主语是一致的，都是he, 也就是说动词hear的动作发出者是主语he , 因此它是一个现在分词短语作状语表示原因的句子；而第二个句子，我们可以发现，有两个主语，第一个是动词come 的逻辑主语winter, 而第二个主语是句子真正的主语it，非谓语动词coming 和it 之间没有任何关系，因此它是一个独立主格结构。 2 在独立主格结构中，动词是用现在分词还是过去分词 一般来说如果逻辑主语和动词之间是
14、主谓关系，用现在分词。如：Time permitting, we will go out to play.一句中，time 和 permit 之间是逻辑上的主谓关系 “时间允许”，因此用现在分词。 如果逻辑主语和动词之间是动宾关系，并且有被动的意思，用过去分词。如：“More time given,we should have done it better. ”一句中，time 和give 之间的关系是动宾关系，有被动的意思-“如果被给更多时间”，因此用过去分词。 3 独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句 独立主格结构不是一个句子，而是相当于一个状语从句,可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随情况等。
15、 例 Work done, John went home.相当于一个表示时间的状语从句：When the work has been done, John went home. 例There being no buses, we had to walk home.相当于一个表示原因的状语从句：Because there are no buses, we had to walk home. 4 完成时态的运用 在独立主格结构中如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动作时间之前，常用现在分词的完成时态having done， 根据情况确定是用主动还是被动。 例The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. His wallet having been stolen, he didnt know what to do next. 5. 在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being
