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1、1,Chapter Five Meaning,2,1. The Study of Meaning,Semantics: The meaning of words: Lexical semantics The meaning of sentences: Propositional meaning, compositional meaning Linguistic semantics vs. Logical semantics/philosophical semantics Pragmatics: The meaning of utterances,3,2. Semantic Meaning,Se
2、mantics is the study of meaning in language. Meaning has been studied for thousands of years by philosophers, logicians and linguists. E.g. Plato & Aristotle.,4,Logicians and philosophers have tended to concentrate on a restricted range of sentences (typically, statements, or propositions) within a
3、single language. The linguistic approach is broader in scope, aiming to study the properties of meaning in a systematic and objective way, with reference to as wide a range of utterances and languages as possible.,5,3. The meaning of meaning,C. K. Ogden & I. A. Richards (1923). The Meaning of Meanin
4、g. John means to write. A green light means to go.,6,Health means everything. His look was full of meaning.,7,What is the meaning of life?,8,What does capitalist mean to you?,9,What does cornea mean? The transparent, convex, anterior portion of the outer fibrous coat of the eyeball that covers the i
5、ris and the pupil and is continuous with the sclera.,10,Geoffrey Leech (1974, 1981). Semantics: The Study of Meaning. Seven types of meaning: Conceptual meaning Connotative meaning Social meaning Affective meaning Reflected and meaning Collocative meaning Thematic meaning,Associative Meaning,11,(1)
6、Conceptual meaning,Also called denotative or cognitive meaning. Refers to logical, cognitive or denotative content. Concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to.,12,(2) Connotative meaning,The communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers
7、to, over and above its purely conceptual content. A multitude of additional, non-criterial properties, including not only physical characteristics but also psychological and social properties, as well as typical features.,13,Involving the real world experience one associates with an expression when
8、one uses or hears it. Unstable: they vary considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual. Any characteristic of the referent, identified subjectively or objectively, may contribute to the connotative meaning of the expression which denotes it.,14,15,Step m
9、other,16,17,18,(3) Social meaning,What a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use. Dialect: the language of a geographical region or of a social class. Time: the language of the 18th c., etc. Province: language of law, of science, of advertising, etc. Status: polite, collo
10、quial, slang, etc. Modality: language of memoranda, lectures, jokes, etc. Singularity: the style of Dickens, etc.,19,domicile: very formal, official residence: formal abode: poetic home: general steed: poetic horse: general nag: slang gee-gee: baby language,20,The five clocks by Martin Joos,Frozen F
11、ormal Consultative Casual Intimate Formal Informal,21,(4) Affective meaning,Reflecting the personal feelings of the speaker, including his attitude to the listener, or his attitude to something he is talking about. Youre a vicious tyrant and a villainous reprobate, and I hate you for it! Im terribly
12、 sorry to interrupt, but I wonder if you would be so kind as to lower your voices a little. or Will you belt up.,22,Colorful meaning,Commendatory tough-minded resolute, firm shrewd childlike wiseman man of usual talent portly, stout, solid, plum slender, slim,Derogatory ruthless obstinate sly, craft
13、y childish wiseguy freak fleshy, fat, tubby lean, skinny, lanky, weedy, scraggy,23,(5) Reflected meaning,Arises in cases of multiple conceptual meaning, when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense. When you hear click the mouse twice, you think of Gerry being hit twice by To
14、m so you feel excited. Many taboo terms are result of this.,24,(6) Collocative meaning,The associations a word acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment. pretty: girl, boy, woman, flower, garden, colour, village, etc. handsome: boy, man, car, vessel, overcoa
15、t, airliner, typewriter, etc.,25,(7) Thematic meaning,What is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes the message, in terms of ordering, focus, and emphasis. Mrs Bessie Smith donated the first prize. The first prize was donated by Mrs Bessie Smith. They stopped at the end of t
16、he corridor. At the end of the corridor, they stopped.,26,4. The Theory of Reference,Words Meaning: Words name or refer to things - Platonic WordsConceptsThings: Ogden & Richards thought/concept/image symbolizes refers to symbol referent (word) stands for (object),27,airplane,28,5. Sense,Meaning is not some kind of entity separate from language. That words have meaning means only that they are used in a
