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1、Research Methods in Information Systems,Lecture 5 Common Issues in Model Specification,Dr. Qing Hu and Dr. Hong Ge,2019/8/7,Agenda,Formative vs. Reflective Indicators Mediating vs. Moderating Constructs Level of Analysis Issues,Dr. Qing Hu and Dr. Hong Ge,2019/8/7,2,Formative vs. Reflective Indicato
2、rs,Based on Diamantopoulos and Siguaw, 2006,Dr. Qing Hu and Dr. Hong Ge,2019/8/7,3,Technology Acceptance Model,2019/8/7,Dr. Qing Hu and Dr. Hong Ge,4,Technology Acceptance Model,2019/8/7,Dr. Qing Hu and Dr. Hong Ge,5,Structural Equations UI=0.97PU-0.06PEOU+D1 PU=0.53PEOU+D2 Measurement Equtions PU1=
3、0.70PU+e1 PU2=0.79PU+e2 PU3=0.63PU+e3 PEOU1=0.78PEOU+e4 PEOU2=0.95PEOU+e5 PEOU3=0.83PEOU+e6 UI1=0.75UI+e7 UI2=0.89UI+e8 UI3=0.83UI+e9,理论,主观+计量,Reflective (effect) vs. Formative (causal) Indicators,When reflective vs. formative become an issue? In social and psychological studies, which include most
4、of the management and information systems research, variables are often construct, i.e., latent variables. In order to measure constructs, researchers often use multiple items that are directly observable or measurable. The relationship between a measurement item and its latent construct could be ei
5、ther reflective or formative.,2019/8/7,Dr. Qing Hu and Dr. Hong Ge,6,Reflective vs. Formative Constructs,Reflective constructs Measurement indicators are seen as functions of the latent variable, whereby changes in the latent variable are reflected (i.e. manifested) in changes in the observable indi
6、cators.,2019/8/7,Dr. Qing Hu and Dr. Hong Ge,7,August 14, 2006,8,Construct Developing Strategies,A sample reflective construct measure,Perceived Usefulness,E-commerce enables us to do business more efficiently,E-commerce improves our business performance,E-commerce makes our business more effectivel
7、y,Dr. Qing Hu and Dr. Hong Ge,2019/8/7,Reflective vs. Formative Constructs,Formative constructs Measurement indicators could be viewed as causing rather than being caused by the latent variable measured by the indicators,Dr. Qing Hu - Florida Atlantic University,9,Dr. Qing Hu and Dr. Hong Ge,2019/8/
8、7,August 14, 2006,10,Construct Developing Strategies,A sample formative construct measure,Dynamic Capability,Flexible in- & out-bound logistics infrastructure,Component-based application portfolio,Collaborative research & development,Outsourcing-based manufacturing,Dr. Qing Hu and Dr. Hong Ge,2019/8
9、/7,10,August 14, 2006,11,Addressing Digital Inequality for the Socio-economically Disadvantaged through Government Initiatives : Forms of Capital that Affect ICT Utilization,Dr. Qing Hu and Dr. Hong Ge,2019/8/7,11,JJ Po-An Hsieh Hong Kong Polytechnic University,August 14, 2006,12,Construct Developin
10、g Strategies,Dr. Qing Hu and Dr. Hong Ge,2019/8/7,12,Construct Developing Strategies,Reflective indicator Researchers treat the (unobservable) construct as giving rise to its (observable) indicators.(由构念生成指标) For example, constructs such as attitude . Conventional scale development (度量生成法) guideline
11、s would be followed to generate a multi-item reflective measure.,Dr. Qing Hu - Florida Atlantic University,13,Dr. Qing Hu and Dr. Hong Ge,2019/8/7,13,Construct Developing Strategies,Scale development (度量生成法) Scale development places major emphasis on the intercorrelations among the items, focuses on
12、 common variance, and emphasizes unidimensionality and internal consistency. Step1: Exploratory factor analysis（EFA） Step2: Confirmatory factor analysis （CFA）,Dr. Qing Hu - Florida Atlantic University,14,Dr. Qing Hu and Dr. Hong Ge,2019/8/7,14,Formative indicator Researchers view the indicators as d
13、efining characteristics of the construct.(由指标定义构念的特征) For example, constructs such as socio-economic status are conceived as combinations of education, income and occupation. Measurement items would be seen as formative indicators and index construction(指标构建法) strategies would be applicable.,Constru
14、ct Developing Strategies,15,Dr. Qing Hu and Dr. Hong Ge,2019/8/7,Construct Developing Strategies,Index construction (指标构建法) Index construction focuses on explaining abstract (unobserved) variance, considers multicollinearity among the indicators and emphasizes the role of indicators as predictor rat
15、her than predicted variables. Step1: Multicollinearity Test Step2: Multiple Indicator Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model fitting .,Dr. Qing Hu - Florida Atlantic University,16,Dr. Qing Hu and Dr. Hong Ge,2019/8/7,16,Construct Developing Strategies,The decision should be based on theory,2019/8/7,Dr. Qing
16、Hu and Dr. Hong Ge,17,Construct Developing Strategies,A reflective perspective is by far the dominant approach within the stream of social research. A meta-analysis showed that most of the error in measurement model specification resulted from the use of a reflective measurement model for constructs that should have been formatively modeled. Thus it is estimated that the probability of committing a Type I error is much higher than that of
