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1、1,英语句子概论,英语句子概论,基本成分 附属成分 独立成分 省略成分 连接成分,简单句 并列句 复合句 并列复合句 语法术语,3,主语 Subject 谓语 Predicate verb 宾语 Object 状语 Adverbial modifier,4,表语 Predicative 定语 Attributive 补语 Complement 系动词 Copula or linking verb,5,动词 Verb 及物动词 Transitive verb (v.t.) 不及物动词 Intransitive verb (v.i.) 名词 Noun (n.) 动名词 Gerund,6,副词 Ad
2、verb (ad.) 形容词 Adjective (adj.) 介词 Preposition (prep.) 连词 Conjunction,7,并列连词 Coordinating conjunction 从属连词 Subordinating conjunction 副词连词 Adverbial conjunction 短语 Phrase,8,名词(动词/形容词/副词/现在分词/过去分词/不定式)短语 Noun (v. /adj. /adv. /present participle /past participle /infinitive) phrase 从句 Clause 主语从句 Subje
3、ctive clause,9,定语从句 Attributive/adjective clause 宾语从句 Objective clause 状语从句 (原因, 时间, 地点, 目的, 结果, 条件, 让步) Adverbial clause (reason, time, place, purpose, result, condition, concession),10,简单句 Simple sentences 并列句 Compound sentences 复合句 Complex sentences 并列复合句 Compound-complex sentences 合并句 Combined s
4、entences,11,Lie 虚度, 使空闲 Lie idle 被搁置不用 Go = become 变为, 变得 They go mad 他们疯了. hair that had gone gray. 变灰白的头发,12,主语 不及物动词 （ S + Vi ） 主语 及物动词 宾语 ( S + Vt + O) 主语 系动词 表 (S + V + predicative) 主语双宾动词+间宾+直宾(S +Vt + O.indir +O. dir) 主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语 (S + Vt. + O + O. complement) There + be / stand/ lie / liv
5、e.,简单句的五种基本句型,主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。 完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。,13,noun adj. / adv. infinitive V-ing V-ed etc.,主语,谓语,宾语,表语,Vt,V-l,Vi,Noun / Pronoun The + adj V-ing / Clause Infinitive,Noun / Pronoun / The + adj V-ing / Clause / Infinitive,英语句子基本成分示意图,be / feel / seem / loo
6、k appear / stand / lie become /get / grow / turn go / come / remain/ keep taste / smell etc.,noun pronoun adj. / adv. infinitive V-ing / V-ed clause etc.,14,主语 不及物动词 She came/ My head aches. 主语 及物动词 宾语 She likes English. 主语 系动词 主语补语 She is happy 主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 She gave John a book She bought a bo
7、ok for me. 主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry The teacher asked me to read the passage. There +be There lies a book on the desk.,简单句基本句型实例,15,附属成分,基本成分的修饰语。可以是： 定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。,定 语(attribute) Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearby She likes oranges import
8、ed from the USA. John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrations Have you seen the book on the desk? The boy playing over there is my brother. People there like sports.,16,John often came to chat with me John likes oranges very much Whenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angry Hearing
9、 the news, he jumped with joy. As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday. She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework. My father worked in this school ten years ago. Youd better stay here.,状 语 (adverbial modifier),17,Examples: Oh！What is that！（惊叹词） He has，alas，failed again Come here，John（呼语
10、） Roll on，Ocean，roll on,句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。,独立成分 (substantive),18,（You） Come here （I wish you）Good luck！ Some gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggs He runs as fast as, if ( he does ) not ( run ) faster, than you. ( I ) Hope you like it. John should clean the room to
11、day and Peter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.,句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：,省略成分 (Omissive Component),19,连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。 另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。 一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到4个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。,连接成分 (Conjunctive Component),2
12、0,简单句,简单句(simple sentence) 只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。 作一种陈述 提出一个问题 发出一种命令或请求 表示一种感叹,Examples: The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy. The girl read the books. / The books pleased the girl. Stephen apologized at once. Does the shop close at 7 tonight? Shut the door. What a slow
13、train this is!,21,简单句的基本词序,主语 动词部分 宾语 状语 （谓语） 方式 地点 时间 I bought a hat yesterday. The children ran home. The taxi driver shouted at me angrily. We ate our meal in silence. The car stopped suddenly. A young girl walked confidently in the room. They drove him away in a police car.,22,简单句的扩展成份,简单句的主语、宾语
14、可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。 I bought a rain coat with a warm lining(内层, 内衬). The dog jumped through the window. He is saving up to buy a mobile phone. A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven oclock. He worked like a madma
15、n in the garden on Saturday. The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.,23,两个简单句的主语可以连词and、but、bothand、eitheror、neithernor、not onlybut also等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。 The boss is flying to Paris. His secretary is flying to Paris. The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris. Bot
16、h the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris. The boss is flying to Rome. His secretary is not flying to Rome. The boss but not his secretary is flying to Rome. The boss may be flying to Berlin. His secretary may be flying to Berlin. Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin. The boss is not flying to York. His secretary isnt flying to York. Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying
