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1、时态,语法总复习,时态： 一般现在时： 在宾语从句中，尽管主句用过去时，但如果宾语从句所述内容是客观真理，从句谓语动词仍用一般现在时。 如：The teacher told her pupils that the sun rises in the east.,1.be going to + 动词原形：含有打算、计划、准备将做某事的意思，或表示很有可能要发生的事。,2.若表示已安排或计划好的将来动作或存在状态，可用一般现在时代替一般将来时，其谓语动词常为be, come, go, arrive, leave, start等。,一般将来时中：,3.表示按计划即将发生的动作，可用现在进行时代替将来时
2、。此用法多与表示位移的动词come, go, arrive, leave, fly, start等连用。如： He is leaving for London. 4.be to + 动词原形和be about to + 动词原形也表示将来。前者指“安排好的事”，后者指“即将发生的事”。如： The children are to learn English next week.,现在进行时： 表示目前这段时间内正在进行的动作 （尽管此时此刻该动作并不进行）。如： - What is he doing this week? - He is translating a novel., 现在进行时常
3、与副词always, constantly连用，表示反复出现或习惯性动作，含有说话者的赞扬、不满、讨厌、遗憾等情绪。如： Youre always making the same mistake. Shes constantly changing her mind. 用进行时可以表示过程。如： Its getting cold. The leaves on the trees are turning brown.,现在完成时 have been 和have gone 的区别： have / has been 用来表示以往的经历，译为“来（到）过”，常与频度状语once, ever等连用。如：
4、Have you ever been there? 你曾去过那里吗？（不能用has come） They have been to Beijing twice. 他们去过北京两次。（不能用have gone） have / has gone表示“走了”、“到去了” 如： He has gone to Shanghai. 他到上海去了。 （他可能在途中，也可能已到上海，但不在这里。）,过去完成时： 可以表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图，常与hope, intend, mean, expect, think, want, suppose等动词连用。如： I had hoped to be abl
5、e to take my seat in all this noise without being seen, but that morning the room was quiet and orderly. 原希望在那一阵阵喧闹声中趁人不注意偷偷溜到自己的座位上，可是那天早上，教室里却是那么安静而又有序。,l 注：在含有由after, before等引导的状语从句的复合句中，由于这类词本身的意义能够明确表示时间的先后关系，因此谓语动词常用一般过去时代替完成时。如： After he finished his homework, he went to bed.,将来完成时： 由shall /
6、will have + 动词的过去分词构成 疑问式：将shall / will移至主语之前 否定式：shall / will not (shant / wont) have + 动词的过去分词 代表性的时间状语： by the end of +将来时间的词 by+ 将来时间的词,用法： 表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作。 We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term. 到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。,表示推测，相当于“must have done“结构。 You will have heard of this, I gue
7、ss. 我想你已经听说过这件事了。 I am sure he will have got the information. 我相信他一定得到了这个信息,.表示某种状态一直持续到说话人所提及的时间 we will have been married a year on June 25th . 到6月25日我们俩结婚就满1年了,语态,1 有些动词，如 need, require, want, worth, deserve等，后面接动名词的主动式表示被动的含义。 e.g. The radio needs repairing. The book is worth reading. The house
8、is to let.(出租) You are to blame.(该受责备),2、一些不及物动词/短语没有被动语态，如rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie; take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。 e.g. His job consists of helping old people who live alone. When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.,从句,名词性从句
9、的注意事况,1、what与that 的区别：,that 连词在从句中不作成分,不含有疑问意义,只起语法连接作用; 而 what 连词在从句中作成分,且含有疑问意义.(作主语,宾语或表语）,That he stole a bike was true. 他偷了一部自行车是真的,The important thing is what you do , but not what you say . 重要的是你做什么，而不是说什么。,2、whether 和 if 的区别是:,介词后只能用whether。 He is worried about whether he can get the job.,动词
10、不定式前只能用 whether。 I cant decide whether to stay.,Whetheror not固定结构中只能用whether。 She wants to know whether he is here or not.,宾语从句放句首表示强调时只能用Whether。 Whether he loves me or not, I dont care.,3、疑问词+ever与 no matter+疑问词的区别是:,疑问词+ever 比 单独用疑问词引导从句语气要强.,如：Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the l
11、ights.,定语从句中 as 引导的定语从句 当先行词前出现 such , as ,the same时。 You are just the same as you were when I first met you. 非限制性定语从句： As is reported; As you can see; As you know,but= that not There is no one but knows it. 此事无人不知. There has not been a scholar but was a man of industry. 凡是有学问的人都是勤奋的 There is no man
12、 but errs. 凡是人都会犯错误. There no man but thanked him.,B) 先行词是如下情况时，关系代词应该用that,不用which。 不定代词：all, much, everything, something, nothing等。 All that I said was for your good. I never take anything that doesnt belong to me. 序数词： This is the first time that Ive been in China.,被first, last, only, few, much,
13、some, any, no 及形容词最高级等修饰。 She is the prettiest girl that Ive ever seen. 先行词是表示人和物的两个并列名词词组： We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited there.,状语从句： 由as soon as引导时，表示主句动作发生在从句动作的一瞬间之后（注意：the moment，the instant，the second，the minute都可做连词用，意思是as soon as。） The moment I saw
14、him, I knew that he was angry with me. 我一见到他，就知道他在生我的气。,原因状语从句 由because, as, since, for或复合连接词now that，since , in that等引导。 because因为；表直接原因，回答why的提问；一般放主句之后，也可单独存在： We stayed at home because it rained. 因为下雨我们呆在家里。 as由于，鉴于；主从并重，从句说明原因，主句说明结果；为常用词： As it was late, I made haste to go. 由于晚了，我赶紧走了。,for因为，由
15、于；表明附加或推断的理由，引导的分句前常有逗号，for分句不放句首： He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，因为他今天缺席了。 since既然，因为。侧重主句，从句表示显然的或已知的理由。 Since you ask, I will tell you. 你既然问，我就告诉你。,结果状语从句 由sothat, suchthat等引导。 (1)“soadj./adv.that”， “soadj.(a/an) n.that”； (2)“such(a/an)(adj.)n.that”。,1.so只能修饰单数可数名词，这个时候可以与such 互换。
16、so clever a boy = such a clever boy 2.如果修饰可数名词的复数，或不可数名词，就要用such. such clever boys (不能说so clever boys) such nice weather!(不能说so nice weather) 3. 但如果碰到many, much, few, little这四个词，就必须用so. so many students so much money so few students so little money,特殊的让步状语从句 Adj.+as +sb/sth+is/was, 也可以用来表示让步。 Young as she is, she performs very well in the competition.,比较状语从句 由than, the morethe more, asas引导。 As A is to B, so C is to D. As water is to fish
