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1、Grammar,The use of “it”,Discovering “It”,It rains heavily. 2. It is 20 kilometers from Granddads house to James. 3. It is November 11, 2005. 4. It is 9 oclock at night. 5.Itll be lovely in the garden tonight 6. It is bad to smoke. 7. I think it important to learn English.,天气,距离,日期,时间,形式主语,环境,形式宾语,1.
2、 it的最基本用法是作代词，主要指刚提到的事物，以避免重复: Xian is a beautiful city, isnt it? 2. 也可以指动物或婴儿(未知性别的婴儿或孩子): Is this your dog？No, it isnt.,一、it 作人称代词,it有时并不指具体的东西，而泛指天气、时间、日期、距离、价值、度量、温度、环境等，称为非人称的it： 1.指天气： It is a lovely day, isnt it? It is a bit windy. 2. 指时间: It was nearly midnight when she came back. 3. 指环境: It
3、 was very quiet in the caf. 4. 指距离： It is half an hours walk to the city centre from my home.,二、it作非人称代词,5. 指日期： -Whats the date today? -Its May 1, 2007. 6. 指季节： It is summer now. 7. 指度量： It is about 5 kilograms. 8. 指价值： -Whats the cost of the T-shirt? -It is 150 yuan.,it的用法 it，单数，特指，相当于“the + 单数/不可
4、数名词”；与所指代名词属同一类，而且是同一个 I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I dont have enough money to buy _. A. one B. it C. this D. that,one的用法 one，单数，泛指，相当于“a/an + 单数名词”，与前面所指代名词属同类但不是同一个，指同一类中的一个。one可以根据语义在它的前面或后面加上一些定语 I havent a pen, can you lend me one? I hope there are enough glasses for
5、 each guest to have _. A. it B. those C. them D. one,D,B,that的用法 that, 特指，单数，相当于“the + 单数/不可数名词”，与所指代名词同类，但不同一，that可以根据语义在它的后面加上一些定语，多数是of短语；它的前面不能存在任何定语。 My seat was next to _ of the teacher. A. one B. it C. that D. seat 空白处需一代词代替其前可数名词seat,以避免重复。因有后置定语of the teacher, 故所需代词为特指，且与所指代名词同类不同一（老师的座位），故
6、排除A、B、D，答案为C (that)。又如： Nine in ten parents said there were significant differences in their approach to educating their children compared with _ of their parents. A. those B. one C. both D. that,空白处需一代词代前面名词approach, 单数，故排除A、C。因有后置定语of their parents, 特指，故排除B。答案为D (that)。,替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的
7、从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。,三、it用作形式主语,（1）It+ be+ adj.（for sb.）to do sth. 此处adj. 通常为描述事件的形容词：easy，difficult，hard，necessary，unnecessary，possible，impossible，likely，unlikely，right，wrong，important，unimportant，legal，illegal，polite，impolite，clear，obvious，useless，dangerous It is illegal（for a teenager）to drive a car
8、 without a license.,1. 代作主语的动词不定式,（2）It+ be +adj.+ of sb. to do sth. 此处adj. 通常为描述人的形容词：kind，unkind，nice，rude，cruel，considerate，thoughtful，thoughtless，careful，careless，silly，foolish，stupid，clever，wise，crazy. Its kind of you to help me with the problem.,Its no good/use /great fun doing Its（well）worth
9、doing Its（well）worthwhile doing/ to do Its no use crying over spilt milk.,(3) It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型,2. it作形式主语替代主语从句,It is clear ( obvious，true，possible, certain ) that . 该句型中it 是形式主语，真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句，常译为“清楚（显然, 真的）” 是主语从句最常见的一种结构。例如： It is very clear that hes round and tall like a tree.,It+ is+ adj. +
10、that clause,It is said (reported/ learned/believed /thought/known/told/hoped.) that . 该句型中的it 仍是形式主语，真正主语是that 引导的主语从句；该结构常译为“据说（据报道，据悉）”。 It is said that he has come to Beijing. It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit.,It +is +v-ed that=sb./sth. is to do,It 不及物动词that从句 此
11、句型中不及物动词常见的有：seem， happen， appear， matter等。如： It seems that there will be a heavy snow tomorrow It happened that I met my good friends in the museum yesterday, It +is + noun +从句,It is a pity (a shame /an honor /a good thing/a fact /a surprise/. ) that . 该句型中，that后的从句一般用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should可省去表
12、示出乎意料，常译为“竟然”。没有这种意义时，则不用虚拟语气。例如： It is a pity that such a thing (should) happen in your class. 这种事竟然发生在你们班上，真是遗憾！ It is a pity that he is ill. 他生病了，真遗憾！,四、it作形式宾语,1.当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词宾语从句时，往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面，而用it 作形式宾语，放在宾语补足语之前。 该句型中的it 作形式宾语，常用的动词有think, believe, make, find, consider, feel等。,I think i
13、t no use arguing with him. 我认为和他争吵没有用。 I found it very interesting to study English. 我发现学英语非常有趣。 He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject. 他非常清楚地表示他对那门学科不感兴趣。,2.Like, love , dislike , hate , appreciate ,help , depend on . see to, count on,先加形式宾语 it ， 再加宾语从句。 I hate it when I have
14、to speak in English on the phone. You can depend on it that he will help us.,强调句用以强调主语，宾语，介词宾语以及状语。（强调人时用that和who whom皆可） It was she who that had been wrong 是她错了。 ( ) It was the girl whom that I met just now 我刚才遇见的就是这个女孩。 ( ) It was Tom to whom the teacher had talked 老师与其谈话的那个人是汤姆。 （ ） It was on Mon
15、day night that all this happened 所有这一切就是在星期一的晚上发生的。（ ）,主语,宾语,介词宾语,状语,五、用于强调句型中,It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who . It is not until + 被强调部分 + that .,I met Tom in the park yesterday.,1) It was I who met Tom in the park yesterday.,2) It was Tom who I met in the park yesterday.,3) It was in the park that I met Tom yesterday.,4) It was yesterday that I met Tom in the park.,It was five oclock _I got home. It was at five oclock_ I got home.,when,that,It was not until + 被强调部分 + that . 该句型也是强调句型。主要用于强凋时间状语，译成汉语 “直到才”，可以说是not . until . 的强调形式。例如: = I didnt realize s
