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1、定语从句（上）一、定语从句的概念 什么是定语从句？ 例: A rich person is not the one who has the most, but is the one who needs the least.版权文档，请勿用做商业用途用来修饰前面的名词或者代词的具有完整的主谓结构的句子就叫着定语从句。有两个必备的基本元素。一个是先行词；一个是关系词。版权文档，请勿用做商业用途1.名词或代词做先行词。例：He laughs best who laughs last.2.短语做先行词。Many of lifes problems which were solved by asking
2、 family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.版权文档，请勿用做商业用途3.用句子做先行词。The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages cou
3、ld be.版权文档，请勿用做商业用途I am a student which you all know.当先行词与关系词被割裂时是如何表现的。如：Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might - surprise! - fall off.版权文档，请勿用做商业用途找先行词的方法。反证法。把它带进去。哪一个是通顺的，哪一个就是先行词。1. 翻译定语从句。2. 结合先行词的结构特点和位置特征在关系词之前寻找与定语从句的意思的有逻辑关系相符合的词。定
4、语从句（下）二、定语从句里面的关系代词的用法。1.常用的关系代词：which, that, who, whom。Whom现在用的很少。前面有介词只能用which，不能用that。版权文档，请勿用做商业用途2. 关系代词在考试中的特殊情况。What:1)它是子母同体。相当于一个关系代词以及一个先行词。What前面不应该在出现先行词。 如果前面已经偶一个关系词，就不能用what来引导。例如：You can have everything what you like. what=all that,所以这儿不能用what.版权文档，请勿用做商业用途All-is a continuous supplyi
5、ng of the basic necessities of life版权文档，请勿用做商业用途A. what is the needB. the things needC. for our needsD. that is need2)what单独使用，后面不加名词。例如：She is not what she used to be.3)what 后面加名词例如：What money I have has been given to you.1997年考题：_he knows about it is out of date and in accurate版权文档，请勿用做商业用途A. What
6、 littleB. So muchC. How muchD. So littleas1. like2. 作为3. when4. 引导定语从句。即可引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。引导限制性定语从句一般式固定用法。如asas, suchas版权文档，请勿用做商业用途as引导非限制性定语从句例如：I was a boy which you know. which可以用as替换。 As is so often pointed out knowledge is a two edge weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.版权
7、文档，请勿用做商业用途as引导限制性定语从句考试中往往考固定搭配。例如：Such a student as works hard were be sure to succeed.版权文档，请勿用做商业用途than 作为关系代词可以引导定语从句More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; consequently, children are likely to have less supervision at home _ was common in the traditional family st
8、ructure .版权文档，请勿用做商业用途A.than B.that C.which D.as特点：1) than作为关系代词引导词在从句中一般必须做主语或者作宾语。2) than 前面的主句必须要有比较级3) 比较级所修饰的名词就是than指代的对象三、关系副词When引导的定语从句。1)先行词必须是表示时间的名词。Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers misfortunes.版权文档，请勿用
9、做商业用途2)如何区分when引导的定语从句和状语从句。用句子表示状语就是状语从句。例如：When I go to school, I will work hard.版权文档，请勿用做商业用途从两方面区分：When 引导的定语从句前一定有表示时间的名词；When 引导的状语语从句前没有有表示时间的名词。从翻译的角度看如果是引导的定语从句可以不翻译。如果是状语从句就必须翻译成当时候。When=on whichWherewhere=in whichwhere引导的从句先行词必须是表示地点的名词。例如：I was born in Beijing where the Olympic games wil
10、l be held.版权文档，请勿用做商业用途先行词表示地点,不一定用where来引导。例如：I have never been to Beijing ,but its the place _.版权文档，请勿用做商业用途A.where Idlike to visitB.in which Id like to visitC.I most want to visitD.thar I want to visit it most名词从句 讲五个问题：一、名词从句的本质。1. 概念：就是把一个完整的句子当一个名词来使用。那么从句就具备了名词所具备的所有性质。主语、宾语、表语、同位语。版权文档，请勿用做商
11、业用途2. 引导名词从句常用的连词。有三类：1）that; 2)whether,if; 3)when,where ,how等连接副词或what,who,whose等连接代词。版权文档，请勿用做商业用途That引导的名词性从句不能做任何句子成分。what一定在从句中充当主语或者宾语。Which 和whose 后面必须接名词。例如：版权文档，请勿用做商业用途Concerns were raised _witness might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.版权文档，请勿用做
12、商业用途A.what B.when C.which D.that3)多重的名词从句现象。例如：I realized that what I said was not exactly what meant to say.版权文档，请勿用做商业用途考题：Prof. Lees book will show you _ can be used in other contexts.版权文档，请勿用做商业用途A that you have observedB that how you have observedC how that you have observed（D）D how what you ha
13、ve observed二、名词从句中的主语从句主语从句有如下几种表示方式：1.用which, that放在句首引导主语从句。例如：That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.版权文档，请勿用做商业用途3.用it is +ved+that例如：It is believed that you are good boy.3. 用whether引导主语从句。例如：Whether the eyes are the windows of the soul is debatable.版权文档，请勿用做商业用途三、宾语从句需要掌握的几
14、点：及物动词后面的宾语从句。2005年例句：Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us?版权文档，请勿用做商业用途四、表语从句就是一句话做另一个句子的表语。就是把从句放在系动词的后面。1997年例句：A report consistently brought back by visits to the US is how friendly, cautious and hopeful most Americans were to them.版权文档，请勿用做商业用途五、同位语从
15、句就是用来补充说明同位语的名词成分的句子。结构是：名词+that+从句。同位语从句与宾语从句和定语从句的区别：引导宾语从句和定语从句的的that, which可以省略，而引导同位语从句的that不能省略。定语从句中的that必须在从句中扮演主语或者宾语。同位语从句的that不扮演任何成分。例如：版权文档，请勿用做商业用途There is a popular saying that family instability causes social instability. that不做句子成分。版权文档，请勿用做商业用途状语从句 （上）第三讲 状语从句（上）一、 状语从句的本质。就是用一个句子来作另外一个句子的状语。状语从句的分类：时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、结果状语、目的状语、条件状语、让步状语、比较状语、方式状语。版权文档，请勿用做商业用途2005年例句 Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, _ others are sensitive to the smel
