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1、非谓语动词的语法功能 一、不定式的语法功能主语：To catch the train is impossible. 要赶上那趟火车是不可能的了。宾语：They need to look at a map. 他们需要查看地图。表语：My work is to clean the classroom. 我的工作是清洁教室。定语：I have lots of work to do. 我有许多事要做。状语：Im sorry to trouble you. 很抱歉打扰你了。宾补：He told me to close the door. 他叫我去关门。二、动名词的语法功能主语：Reading is a
2、pleasure. 阅读是件快乐的事。宾语：I enjoy reading. 我喜欢阅读。表语：Her hobby is singing songs. 她爱好唱歌。定语：Hes in the reading room. 他在阅览室。三、现在分词的语法功能表语：The book is very interesting. 那本书很有趣。定语：Its an interesting book. 这是本有趣的书。状语：He sat there, reading a newspaper. 他坐在那里看报。宾补：I saw him standing there. 我看见他站在那里。四、过去分词的语法功能表语
3、：They were excited at the news. 听到这个消息非常激动。定语：Therere few minutes left. 没几分钟剩下了。状语：Seen from the hill, our school looks beautiful. 从山上看我校很美。宾补：I saw him beaten by Tom. 我看见他被汤姆打了()谈谈分词的逻辑主语问题 一、什么是分词的逻辑主语分词属非谓语动词，没有真正的主语。但是，分词作为动词的一种形式，有其逻辑上的主语： I often hear him singing this song. Hearing the news, h
4、e could not help crying. 若用的是过去分词或现在分词的被动式，则上面提到的逻辑主语实为“逻辑宾语”： I often hear this song sung. (this song是sung的逻辑主语，但是sing 的逻辑宾语) I saw her being taken to the operating room. (her是being taken 的逻辑主语，但是take 的逻辑宾语) 二、使用分词逻辑主语的易错点分词作状语，注意判断逻辑主语，通常应是句子主语。请看下例：(1) Finding her car stolen, _.A. a policeman was
5、 asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughlyC. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help 解析：答案应选D，因为句首用作状语的现在分词短语finding her car stolen 的逻辑主语应是“她”，而不是 a policeman, the area, it 等。在使用分词的逻辑主语时还要注意根据句意判断是主动还是被动，如：(2) _ many times, he still did not understand it.A. Having
6、 been told B. Though to be toldC. Having told D. He was told 解析：答案应选A。根据句意，he 与 tell 应是被动关系。从时间上看，应该是“被告诉”在先，“没有理解”在后。比较下题由于句中用了并列连词but，情况有所不同：(3) _ many times, but he still did not understand it.A. Having been told B. Though he was toldC. To have been told D. He was told 解析：答案选D，句中的并列连词 but 表明整个句子为
7、并列句，同时表明 but 前应是一个独立的句子，而不能是一个非谓语动词短语。三、分词逻辑主语的特例一般说来，分词作状语，它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，但也有特例：(1) 某些表示说话人态度的一些惯用分词表达： Generally speaking, women live longer than men. Judging from what you say，he ought to succeed. Considering the distance，he arrived very quickly. Taking everything into consideration, you should l
8、eave. (2) 当句子含有先行主语it或there时，有时有作状语的分词短语可以与先行主语不一致： Having so little time, there was not much that I could do. Being French, it is surprising that she is such a terrible cook. (3) 当分词已转化为介词或连词，此时也无需考虑主语一致问题： Supposing she does not come, what shall we do? (supposing为连词，意为“假若”) Given their inexperienc
9、e, theyve done a good job. (given为介词，意为“考虑到”)(4) 当分词暗含的逻辑主语为表示泛指意义的one或you时，也无需考虑主语的一致性问题： In doing such work, patience is needed. =When one does such work, patience is needed. 四、分词的独立主格结构通常情况下，分词作状语时其逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，若不一致，则应改用其他句型，如： 误：Crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 正：Crossing the road, he
10、was knocked down by a car. 正：When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 解决状语分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题，也可在分词前加一个名词或代词，使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代词要用主格形式，不能省略，故称分词的独立主格结构： The job finished, we went home. The weather being fine, we went swimming. He being absent, nothing couldnt be done. -ing分词用法归纳 1
11、. -ing分词概述-ing分词的基本形式是由动词加-ing 构成，与动词的分词形式一致。-ing分词的主要变化形式有一般式和完成式；一般式和完成式中又分别有主动形式及被动形式。详见下表： 主动形式 被动形式一般式 doing being done完成式 having done having been done2. -ing分词的意义(1) -ing分词所表示的动作常与谓语动词的动作同时发生。如： He used to stand there thinking. They held activities celebrating their culture. (2) -ing分词若在sugges
12、t, insist等动词后或作结果状语时，表示的动作常发生在谓语动词的动作之后； He suggested us practicing English every day. He insists on going with us together. Her mother went away alone, leaving her crying there. (3) -ing分词若在forget, regret, remember等动词后或作时间状语时，表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。如： Can you still remember living there? I dont regret he
13、lping him, though he is unkind to us. (4) -ing分词若在介词before, after之后，动作的先后依介词before, after的意义而定。如： I often read some newspaper before getting to sleep. (5) -ing分词表泛指意义的动作或状态时，没有时间意义。如： Keeping on doing morning exercises is a good habit. (6) -ing分词的完成式表示所发生的动作在谓语动词的动作之前。如： Not having received her answ
14、er, he decided to write to her again. (7) -ing分词的主动形式，表明逻辑主语所发出的动作；-ing分词的被动形式表明逻辑主语是动作的承受者。如： Seeing from the top of the mountain, you will find the town very beautiful. Seen from the top of the mountain, the town looks beautiful. (8) -ing分词的否定式是在-ing分词前面加否定词not。如： Not knowing what to do, he went to ask the teacher for help. Not having made it clear, he went to ask the teacher about it again. 3. -ing分词的句法功能-ing分词具有动词的一些特征，可带自己的宾语或状语，从而一起构成动词ing 形式的短语。这个动词ing 形式短语具有名词、形容词及副词的性质，在句子中，可做句子的主语、宾语、宾语的补足语、表语、同位语、定语及状语等成分。(1) 作主语-ing分词短语放在句子的前面做主语，但当-ing分词短语较长时，为了使句子保持平衡，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放到句子的
