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1、一、名词单数变复数主要有以下规则一、绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式,是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。读音变化:结尾是清辅音读s,结尾是浊辅音或元音读z。例:friendfriends; catcats; stylestyles; sportsports; piecepieces二、凡是以s、x、ch、sh结尾的词,在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。读音变化:统一加读iz。例:busbuses; foxfoxes; matchmatches; flashflashes box boxes; watch watches; actress actresses; class classes; coach(长途
2、车) coaches; dress dresses; sandwich sandwiches; toothbrush toothbrushes; waitress(女侍者) waitresses三、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y改变为i,再加-es。读音变化:加读z。例:candycandies; daisy(雏菊)daisies; fairyfairies; ladyladies; storystoriesstrawberry strawberries; baby babies; puppy puppies; library libraries; dictionary dictionarie
3、s; cherry cherries; activity activities四、以-o结尾的名词,如果不是外来词或缩写,就加-es,否则加-s构成复数。 (有生命的加es,无生命的加s)读音变化:加读z。例:tomatotomatoes; potatopotatoes五、以-f或-fe结尾的名词,多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves,但有例外。读音变化:尾音f改读vz。例:knifeknives; lifelives; leafleaves; scarf(围巾)scarves这几个可变可不变: scarf-scarfs,handkerchief- handkerchiefs六、部分单词的复数形式
4、不变。读音变化:保持原音。例:fishfish; sheepsheep; cattlecattle; deerdeer; 七、极少数单词,其复数形式没有任何规律。读音变化:没有规律。例:manmen; womanwomen; childchildren; personpeople; oxoxen foot feet; goose geese; mouse mice; tooth teeth; 二、动词现在分词的变化规则:. 一般在动词末尾直接加ing. 以不发音字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e, 再加ing 如: skate - skating have - having ride - riding
5、 come - coming make - making dance - dancing write - writing . 以重读闭音节结尾的动词,中间只有一个元音字母,词尾只有一个辅音字母,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加ing 如: putting running beginning stopping swimming shopping jogging sitting getting . 以ie结尾的动词,把ie变成y再加ing 如: lie - lying tie - tying die - dying三、一般现在时动词第三人称单数的变化规则1、一般情况下,动词后直接加s,如:works,g
6、ets,reads等。2、以s,x,ch,sh或o结尾的动词,在后面加es,如:goes,teaches,washes等。3、以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,把y变为i,再加es,如:study-studies,try-tries,carry-carries等。4、动词have遇在主语是第三人称单数时,have改为has,如:He has an interesting book .5、动词be遇有主语是第一人称单数时,be改为am,遇有主语是第二人称时,be改为are,遇有主语是第三人称单数时,be改为is。四、不规则动词过去式和过去分词规则变化 1.一般在动词原形后加-ed look looked
7、 looked call called called open opened opened need neededneeded -ed在清辅音音素后发音为t,在浊辅音后发音为d,在元音后发音也为d -ed在t、d 后发音为id 但fix的过去式和过去分词x不双写,为fixed. 2.以-e结尾的动词加-d move moved moved phone phoned phoned hope hoped hoped agree agreed agreed 3.以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,变y为i,再加-ed study studied studied carry carriedcarried try
8、 triedtried traid 4.以原音字母加y结尾的词,直接加-ed play played played enjoy enjoyed enjoyed stay stayed stayed 5.末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,双写该辅音字母,再加-ed stop stopped stopped plan planned planned fit fitted fitted 6.以-r音节结尾的词,双写r字母, 再加-ed prefer preferred preferred refer referred referred 五、形容词变副词一般形容词后面加ly变成副词,例如: rapi
9、d-rapidly recent-recently careful-carefully careless-carelessly 但不是所有的形容词都可以这样变成副词,例如: hard adj.硬的, 坚固的, (问题, 工作等)困难的, 艰苦的, 猛烈的, 确实的 adv. 努力地, 辛苦地, 坚硬地, 牢固地, 接近地, 猛烈地 hardly adv.刚刚, 几乎不 也就是说hardly不是hard 的副词形式。 英语中有很多词既是形容词也是副词 low adj.低的, 浅的, 消沉的, 微弱的, 粗俗的, 卑贱的, 体质弱的 adv.低下地, 谦卑地, 低声地, 低价地 这得需要平时注意积
10、累六、原级、比较级与最高级用法一、副词的比较等级和形容词的比较等级构成相似。1比较级与最高级的构成比较级与最高级的构成分规则与不规则两种,规则变化如下:(1)在词尾加-er或-est e.g. talltallertallest fast-faster-fastest(2)以字母e结尾,在词尾加-r e.g. nicenicernicest latelaterlatest(3)以重读闭音节结尾,若词尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写这个字母,再加-er, -est. e.g. bigbiggerbiggest hothotterhottest(4)以辅音字母加y结尾,先变y为i,再加-er, -est
11、 e.g. happyhappierhappiest heavyheavierheaviest(2)部分双音节词及多音节词在前面加more和most构成比较级和最高级。例如:原级 比较级 最高级interestingmore interesting most interestingquickly more quickly most quickly (3)不规则形容词和副词的比较等级变化如下表:原级 比较级 最高级well better bestgood better bestbadly worse worst 注意有一些副词没有比较等级。如:now;then;always;never;ever,here;there;how;usually等。