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1、另:科技文体所述的是客观规律，尽量避免使用第一、第二人称。 Exam. 炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。 译文1：If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss can be considerably reduced. 译文2：The heat loss can be considerably reduced by the use of firebricks round the walls of the boiler. 译文3：the use of firebricks round the boiler can
2、 considerably reduce the heat loss.,2、广泛使用被动句,科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。 使用被动句的情况：不必说出主语、不愿说出主语或说不出主语。科技文体往往是前后两种。 Exam. Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine. You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine. 译文：要注意机器的工作温度。 Exam. 中美之间已经建立了外交关系。 译文：Diplomatic relat
3、ions have been established between China and the United States of America. Exam. 他提议各班之间开展友谊竞赛。 译文：He proposed that a friendly emulation drive be started among the different classes.,3、常使用非限定动词,非限制性动词：分词短语、分词独立结构、不定式、介词加名词短语。 Exam. A direct current is a current which flows always in the same directi
4、on. =A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction. 译文：直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。 Exam. Vibrating objects produce sound waves and each vibration produces one sound wave. = Vibrating objects produce sound waves, each vibration producing one sound wave. 译文：振动着的物体产生声波，每一次振动产生一个声波.,4、大量使用后
5、置定语,1、介词短语 The forces due to friction are called frictional forces. 译文：由于摩擦而产生的力叫摩擦力。 A call for paper is now being issued. 译文：征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。 2、形容词或短语 In radiation, thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy, similar in nature to light. 3、副词 The air outside pressed the side in. 4、单个分词 The res
6、ults obtained must be checked. 5、定语从句,5、常用句型,1. It that句型 如：It is believed that /据信; It is proved that /已经证实、有人证实; It is reported that/ 据报道 2.被动句型 Computers may be classified as analog and digital. 3.as结构句型 Microcomputers are very small in size, as is shown in Fig. 5. 4.分词短语句型 The resistance being v
7、ery high, the current in the circuit was low. 5.省略句结构句型 An object, once in motion, will keep on moving because of its inertia.,（2）转译成状语从句 很多情况下，英语的定语从句兼有状语从句的功能，在逻辑意义上往往与所限定的词有表示“目的”、“结果”、“原因”、“假设”、“让步”等关系。 Iron, which is not so strong as steel, finds wide application. 译文:虽然铁的强度不如钢，但是它仍有广泛用途（表示让步） T
8、his is particular important in fine-grained soils where the water can be sucked up near the surface by capillary attraction. 译文：这一点在细颗粒土壤中尤其重要，因为在这种土壤中，由于毛细引力，水能被吸引到靠近表面的地方。（表示原因）,主语从句的译法 在专业英语中，经常使用带形式主语it的主语从句，即以引导词it作形式主语并放在句首，而把从句（真正的主语）放在谓语之后。 (1)译成宾语从句 It is generally accepted that fatigue str
9、ength is drastically lower if the concrete is cracked. 译文：人们普遍认为，混凝土若开裂，其疲劳强度就会大大降低。,（2）译成并列分句 It remains to be confirmed that epoxy coating will retain their integrity over long periods of time in alkaline environments. 译文：环氧涂层在碱性环境中能否保持其完整性，这有待进一步证实。 （3）谓语分译 It is a fact that no structural materia
10、l is perfectly elastic. 译文：事实上，没有一种结构材料是完全的弹性体。,状语从句译法 有些状语从句在翻译时候需要进行从句转译，否则译不出原文所表达的实际意义 （1）由连接词when引导的时间状语从句，在语法形式上一般是时间状语，实际上有连接词if的作用。因此翻译这类时间状语从句时往往可以转译成条件状语从句。 如： On the site when further information becomes available, the engineer can make changes in his sections and layout, but the drawing
11、office work will mot have been lost. 译文：在现场若能获取更多的信息资料，工程师就可以对他所做的断面图和设计图进行修改，但是绘图室的工作并非徒劳。,英语强调句型的译法 英语强调句型“it is (was)that (which, who)”几乎可以强调任何一个陈述句的主语、宾语和状语，以突出其重要性。翻译时，需将其所强调的部分加以突出，例如“正是”,“正因为”, “只有才”等。 It is this kind of steel that the construction worksite needs most urgently. 译文：建筑工地最急需的正是这
12、种钢材。 在强调句型中，有时候被强调的不仅是一个词或词组，而且还可能是一个状语从句。 It is only when piers for long span bridges are built across wide rivers that cellular cofferdams are often used. 译文：只有当在宽阔的河面上修建大跨度桥墩时，才经常使用格型围堰这种方法。,英语被动语态的译法 （1）译成汉语主动句 （2）译成汉语被动句 （3）译成独立结构 It is believed that 有人主张 It is asserted that 有人建议 It is stressed
13、 that 有人强调说 It is well known that 众所周知 有时候一些类似的固定句型在翻译时候往往不加主语，如： It is supposed that 据推测 It is said that 据说 It must be pointed out that 必须指出,英语长句翻译 顺译法 当英语长句的句法结构、时间顺序、逻辑关系符合汉语习惯时，一般应尽量采用顺译。 倒译法 当英语长句的句法结构、时间顺序、逻辑关系与汉语的行文表达习惯相反时，可采用倒译。 综合法 很多英语长句进行翻译的时候，往往综合使用顺译和倒译，不同分句分别采用顺译和倒译，以使得各分句都符合汉语表达习惯。,Un
14、it 1 Types of Construction Project 建筑项目的类型,Words and Expression intersect vi.相交，交叉，横断 take shape 成形，形成，具体化，体现 refinery n.精炼厂，炼制厂 intimately adv.密切地 transcend vt.超过，胜过 in large measure 在很大程度上，大部分 high-rise n.高楼，大厦 condominium n. 共管，共有房产 town house n.市内住宅，城内住宅,Unit 1 Types of Construction Project 建筑项目
15、的类型,Field-labor-intensive 现场劳动密集型的 Account for 占，说明 Fiscal 财政的 Skyscraper 摩天大楼 Sophistication 老于世故，老练，复杂 Oligopoly 垄断，求过于供 Footpath 人行道，小路 Pipeline 管道，管线 Earthmover 重型推土机 Crane 起重机 Fossil-fuel 矿物燃料 Smelter 熔炉,Unit 1 Types of Construction Project 建筑项目的类型,Warm Up Questions 1. Why is residential constr
16、uction industry dominated by large numbers of very small firms? 2. Give some examples of project types of that office and commercial building construction may encompass. 3. What are the major distinctions of heavy construction compared to office and commercial building and residential housing construction? 4. What are the major distinctions of industrial construction in contrast with the basic materials characteristic of h
