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1、.词汇过关 1_ adj.难以置信的_(反义词)_v相信_n信任；信心 2_v漫游；漂泊 3_vt.发现；认出_n斑点；污点 4_n过错；责任 5_v认为；说明；总计有_n说明；理由 答案：1.unbelievable; believable; believe；belief 2.wander 3spot; spot 4.fault 5.account; account,.短语 1抚养；教育_ 2前进；可以_ 3做出解释_ 4与此相反；正相反_ 答案：1.bring up 2.go ahead 3.account for 4.on the contrary,Grammar,名词性从句,名词性从句
2、 名词性从句是一种具有名词功能的非独立分句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组。它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语以及同位语。根据它在句中不同的语法功能，它的分类为： 分类： 宾语从句 表语从句 主语从句 同位语从句,宾语从句,宾语从句连接词： 从属连词：that, whether，if (不充当从句的任何成分)； 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which(在句中担任主语、宾语、表语或定语)； 连接副词：when, where, how, why，whenever(在句中担任状语，表示时间、地点、方式或原因)。,宾语从句示例： I
3、hope you can come with us. Make sure that the door is closed. We are talking about what we should do now. Im pleased that you can help me.,宾语从句的结构分类： vt / verb phrase+宾语从句 prep+宾语从句 adj+宾语从句(情感类的形容词),学习宾语从句应注意以下几点 1) 时态 当主句谓语动词为祈使句/现在时/将来时，从句谓语动词不受主句谓语动词的影响，宾语从句可以选择适当的时态； Dont tell him what happened
4、. I know he didnt tell you the truth. I will tell him he has passed the exam. 当主句谓语为过去时态时，为保持时态一致，宾语从句应采用相应的过去时态(但宾语从句表示客观真理、客观存在的事物、格言时，仍然采用一般现在时)。,他说他曾经去过纽约。 He said he had been to New York. 杰克告诉我他去过那儿两次了。 Jack told me that he had been there twice. 很久以前，人们就知道一年有四个季节。 Long long ago, people knew tha
5、t there are four seasons in a year. 当我还是个孩子时，妈妈告诉我太阳从东方升起，在西方落下。 When I was still a child, my mother told me that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.,2) 宾语从句必须用陈述语序。 我弄明白了他为什么不上学的原因。 I found out why he didnt come to school. 3) it作形式宾语(that 不可省略) I made it clear that I was determined to c
6、arry out the plan. 我已表明决心执行这个计划。 I thought it strange that she failed to call me. 我觉得奇怪她没给我打电话。,4)表示“心理活动”的形容词afraid, certain, disappointed, happy, glad, sure, surprised, satisfied, sorry等，可以接宾语从句。 He was afraid that he would lose. 他担心会输。 I am sure that I put the money in the box. 我肯定把钱放在盒子里了。,5) “否
7、定转移” 将think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine, guess等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 实际上，我觉得他的决定并不明智。 I dont think his decision is wise in reality. 我认为他是个诚实的人。 I dont believe that he is a dishonest man.,6)引导宾语从句时，whether和if常常互换； 下列三种情况只用whether，不用if。 介词+宾语只用whether引导。 He was worrying
8、about whether he had hurt her feeling. 他焦虑地想知道是否伤害了她的感情。 当whether引导的宾语从句位于句首表示强调时，不能被if替换。 Whether he will come or not, I am not sure. 我无法确认他是否会来。,whether 与or not 直接连用，构成whether or not (注意: whether/if.or not为正确结构)。 I dont care whether you like the plan or not. 我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。,7)引导宾语从句的连词that一般可以省略，但是在
9、及物动词之后跟有两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略。 The teacher said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart. 老师说课文非常重要，我们应该背下来。,8)wonder, doubt, be sure, be certain后的宾从的连接词 I wonder that such little ants can carry so large food.(对感到惊讶) I wonder whether he is an honest man.（想知道） She
10、 doubts whether that is his wallet. I dont doubt that he is good at English. Im sure that he is the cleverest in his class. Im not sure whether he will help me.,9) 表示“建议，命令，要求，决定，主张”等动词后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气, should + 动词原形，should 可省略。这类动词有 insist, suggest, propose, advise, order, command, request, demand, req
11、uire ,recommend The doctor advised that I should have more food rich in fibre.,表语从句,表语从句 学习表语从句应注意以下几点。 1)表语从句必须采用陈述语序。 The problem is when she comes back. 问题是她何时回来。 2)在表达“是否”这一概念时，用whether不用if。 The matter is whether he will come and give you a hand. 问题是他是否会来帮助你。,表语从句连接词： 从属连词：that, whether (不充当从句的任
12、何成分)； 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which(在句中担任主语、宾语、表语或定语)； 连接副词：when, where, how, why，whenever，wherever， however (在句中担任状语，表示时间、地点、方式或原因)。 其他连接词：because，as if, as though 等,3)通常只用that引导表语从句的情况。 句子的主语为the reason时，表语从句采用that引导，表示原因，此时不用because。 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。 The reason why she was
13、ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 句子的主语为the result时，表语从句采用that。 结果是他们中许多人发胖了。 The result is that many of them become fat。,由why引导的从句作主语时。 Why we decided to put off the match is that the weather was too terrible. 我们决定推迟比赛的原因是天气太糟糕了。,4)as if/ though引导的表语从句通常置于系动词look, seem, sound, be等后面；表语从句既可以采用虚拟语
14、气，也可采用直陈语气。 It sounded as if somebody was knocking at/on the door. 听起来好像有人在敲门。,5）主语是表示“建议，命令，要求”（suggestion, proposal, advice, order, command, request, demand, requirement, ）名词时，表语从句应用虚拟语气。 My suggestion is that we should set off early tomorrow.,.语法练习 根据句子语境，给下列句子填上适当的连接词 1Mother was pleased_her dau
15、ghter had passed the college entrance exams. 2That is _he likes the place so much. 3That is_he told us at the meeting 4This is_ the city comes into being. 5He didnt pass the examination. That is_he didnt follow the teachers advice. 6That village is said to be_Chairman Mao once lived.,7My question is_it will take us to get to the airport. Will an hour be enough? 8You can buy_you want from the supermarket. 9The teacher will give the prize to_works out the problem first. 10It looks_it is going to snow. 答案：
