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1、动词、短语及情态动词,(一)动词 1动词分类 根据动词的词义及在句中所起的作用，可将动词分为实义动词、系动词、 助动词和情态动词。 2实义动词 实义动词也叫行为动词，是有实在意义的动词， 在句中能单独作谓语。实义动词 又分为及物动词(能直接跟宾语的动词)和不及物动词(不能直接跟宾语的动词)。 及物动词(vt.)后面需要跟宾语，意思才完整。 不及物动词(vi.)不能直接跟宾语，但往往在其后加上介词后就可以跟宾语了。 注意：很多动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。,3系动词 系动词有一定的词义，但不完整，在句中不能单独作谓语，必须和其后面的表语 一起构成谓语。 常见的系动词有：,(1)表状态、保持
2、某种状态的：be, keep, stay, remain等。 Their classroom is/keeps/stays very clean. (2)表感官的：look, seem, appear, sound, smell, taste，feel等。 The meat on the table looks very nice, but it tastes terrible. (3)表变化的：become, get, turn, fall, come, go, grow等。 I hope that all of your dreams can come true one day. She
3、turned off the lights and fell asleep very soon.,4助动词 助动词无词义，也不能独立作谓语， 用于帮助构成某种时态、语态、疑问句、否定句或加强语气等。 常用的助动词有： be(am/is/are/was/were), do(do/does/did), have(have/has/had), will(will/would), shall(shall/should)等。 He is watching TV in the livingroom now. 5情态动词 情态动词表示说话人的语气或态度，有词义， 但不完整，须跟其他动词(一般 跟动词原形)一
4、起构成谓语；它本身没有人称和数的变化；在其后加not即构成否 定，将其提前即构成疑问。常见的情态动词有can, may, must, need, should等。,(1)can 能够，会 表能力。 He can speak Japanese very well. He is able to speak Japanese very well. 表请求、许可。 Can I sit next to you? Of course, you can./Sorry, you cant. 注意：此处也可以用may/might/could，但might, could并不表示过去，只是 语气更加委婉。 Coul
5、d you tell me how to get to the cinema? Yes, I can. (2)may表请求、许可，意为“也许，可能”。 May I use your bike? Yes, you may./No, you cant/mustnt. 注意：may的否定回答要用cant或mustnt, 不能用may not。,(3)must表义务，意为“必须”。 Must I wash them now? Yes, you must./No, you neednt (dont have to) 注意：否定回答不能用mustnt(不允许，禁止)，而要用neednt或dont have
6、 to(没必要)。 (4)have to表客观产生的必要性，意为“不得不”。 Were in grade three now, and we have to do lots of homework.,must表示主观意识到的必须，而have to表示客观上要求、不得不。 We must study hard since we are students. (5)have to与must的区别： Im sorry I have to leave. Its eleven now. have to 有人称和时态的变化，而must没有。 He had to walk back home yesterda
7、y because he didnt take any money with him. (6)need 表需要。 Need I buy some food for dinner? Yes, you must/have to/No, you neednt. 注意：need只能在否定句、疑问句中作情态动词，此时其后须跟其他动词。,need用作实义动词时，具体用法是：need sb.(sth.)/to do sth./doing sth. I really need you/your help. I need to do the housework myself at home. I think y
8、our hair needs washing. (7)should 应该，相当于be supposed to。 As Chinese, we should (are supposed to)try our best to make our country stronger and more beautiful. You shouldnt (arent supposed to)be so lazy. (8)情态动词表推测的用法,表不肯定的推测用may, might, could以及它们的否定形式。 Ask that man over there. He may/might/could know
9、the way. He may come, or he may not come. Im not sure. 表比较肯定的推测用should/shouldnt。 Its 9：00 now.He should be at work.He shouldnt be at home.,表肯定的推测时，疑问句中用can, 肯定句中用must(一定), 否定句中用cant(不可能)。 Can he come to our party? Yes, he must come. No, he cant come. He has gone to Hong Kong. 对现在、将来的一般情况进行推测，用“情态动词原
10、形”；对现在、将来正在进行的推测用“情态动词be doing”； 对过去的推 测用“情态动词have done”。 It must be a lot more fun to travel by boat. It may rain tomorrow. Its 6：00 now. He may be having his dinner. You look so tired. You may have gone to bed late last night.,( )1.Dad，must we wait until the light becomes green? Yes，Im afraid we _
11、.Thats the traffic rule. Acan Bmay Chave to Dneed 解析：考查情态动词的用法。由上文句意“我们必须等到灯变绿吗？”和下文句 意“那是交通规则”可知，我们必须要等到灯变为绿色。have to“不得不”，强调 客观上的要求，故答案应选C。 ( )2._ I see your ID card，sir？We have to check your information. AMay BMust CShould DNeed 解析：考查情态动词的运用。向别人请求许可可用can，may。根据句意，“我可以看一下你的身份证件吗？我们不得不核实你的信息。”可知此处表
12、示请求许 可，故答案应选A。,( )3.Finish your homework first，then youll _ watch TV for an hour. Acan Bbe able to Cable Dcould 解析：考查助动词用法。will是助动词，其后应该用动词的原型，故选B。 ( )4.Amy，I hear youve got many foreign coins. _ I have a look? Of course，Ill fetch them for you. AMay BMust CShould DNeed 解析：考查情态动词的用法。句意：艾米，我听说你有很多外国硬币
13、。我可以 看一下吗？当然了。我拿给你看。May I？用于向对方提出建议或请求，意为“我可以吗？”。故选A。,( )5.Where are you going this month? We _ go to Xiamen，but were not sure.(2013天津) Aneednt Bmust Cmight Dmustnt 解析：考查情态动词表推测。A“不必”表建议；B“一定”表猜测的可能性很大；C“可能，也许”表不是很肯定的猜测。D“不允许”表命令。句意：这个月你们将去哪？我们或许去厦门，但还不确定。故选C符合语境。,( )6.May I go out for a while，Mom?
14、No，you _.You have to finish your homework first. Ashouldnt Bneednt Cmustnt Dwont 解析：考查情态动词的用法。句意：妈妈，我可以出去一会吗？不，你不能。你必须首先完成你的作业。shouldnt不应该；neednt不必要；mustnt一定不能，表示明令禁止；wont将不能。根据答语，你必须首先完成你的作业，可知不同意出去玩。故选B。 ( )7.Students in our school _ know shouting is not allowed in the library. Acan Bmay Cmust Dne
15、ed 解析：考查情态动词用法辨析。can可以；may也许；must必须；need需要。根据句意：学生在我们学校必须知道不允许在图书馆大喊大叫，所以选择答案C。,( )8._ I have lunch now，Mom? No.You must wash your hands first. AWould BMay COught to 解析：考查情态动词用法。Would和ought to引导的问 句，均不能用must回答，所以选择答案B。 ( )9.Have you decided where to go for your summer vacation? Not yet.We _ go to Qi
16、ngdao.Its a good place for vacation. Amay BneedCmust 解析：本题考查情态动词。句意：你已经决定到哪里过 暑假了吗？还没有呢，我们也许去青岛。那是个度假的 好地方。情态动词表示推测时，may表“可能”，must表 “一定”，cant表“不可能”，所以选择答案A。,( )10.Why are you worried? Im expecting a call from my daughter.She _ New _ for three days. Ahas gone to Bhas been to Chas been in Dhas come in 解析
