《toefl阅读理解之十大题型》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《toefl阅读理解之十大题型（51页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、,TOEFL 阅读理解之十大题型,TOEFL阅读十大题型之再分类,1. 改写题（Paraphrasing） Factual Information questions (3-6 questions per set) Negative Factual Information questions (0-2 questions per set) Sentence Simplification questions (0-1questions per set) 2. 语篇纽带题（Text Connectors) Reference questions (0-2 questions per set) In
2、sert Text question (0-1 questions per set) 3. 推论题 Inference questions (0-2 questions per set) Rhetorical Purpose questions (0-2 questions per set) 4. 篇章结构题（Text Structure） Prose Summary Fill in Table 5. 词汇题,1. 改写题（ Paraphrasing）,Factual Information questions Negative Factual Information questions Se
3、ntence Simplification questions, Factual Information questions,这类问题实际考察的是对英文句子进行改写（paraphrasing）的能力。原句与正确选项之间一般存在三种关系：原文引用；同义替换（同义词/反义词/结构转换）；对原句内容的提炼与概括。 关键词定位法,先看两个例子： As a meteorological term, “eye” describe a circular region at the center of a severe wind storm. As a meteorological concept, “eye
4、” refers to a round area in the middle of an extreme wind disturbance. 该例使用了同义词进行同意转述。 Because this area is so small and irregular, it is difficult to observe. People have difficulty observing this small and irregular area. 该例使用了结构转换进行同意转述。,OG：P42-7：Many incomplete skeletons were found but they incl
5、uded, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. The hind leg of Basilosaurus was a significant find because it showed that Basilosaurus A. lived
6、 later than Ambulocetus natans B. lived at the same time as Pakicetus C. was able to swim well D. could not have walked on land,It should be obvious that cetaceanswhales, porpoises, and dolphinsare mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamline
7、d bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. In paragraph 1, what does the author say about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans? It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals. It cannot conceal the fac
8、t that cetaceans are mammals. It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals. It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.,再看一个例子：1790 saw the nation entering a new era of road development. Unable to finance road construction, states turned for help to private compani
9、es, organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in better communications with the interior. According to the passage, why did states need private companies help in road building? A. The states were unable to build roads themselves financially B. Private companies could sp
10、end less time completing roads C. The states did not have as much equipment as private companies D. Private companies had more knowledge of the interior, Sentence Simplification questions,句子简化题与细节题在本质上类似，都是对原句的改写 句子简化题应注意两点：文间逻辑关系一致；核心信息点一致 问题形式：Which of the following best expresses the essential in
11、formation in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.,四大 “显性”/ “隐性” 逻辑关系 因果/比较/最高级/否定 否定逻辑关系 明显否定关系: no, not, none, never, neither, deny 隐含否定关系: fail to, absent from, lack, lack of, refuse, few, little, 否定词缀less.,因果逻辑
12、关系 明显因果关系: because, because of, since, for, as, due to, owing to, in that, so, so that, as a result, therefore, there by, hence, consequently, accordingly.,隐含因果关系: a. 表示导致含义: lead to, cause, result, result in, give rise to, render, produce, make, 使役动词, support, support, stimulate, spur, spark, fuel,
13、 motivate, prompt. b. 由而来: come from, result from, originate, derive from, initiate from, stem from, be attibutable to, be responsive to. c. 反映,体现: reflect, present, suggest, show, imply, demonstrate. d. 考虑到, 依赖: give, considering, on account of, in view of, thanks to, according to, rely on, depend
14、on, resort to. e. 条件关系: if, when, while, as, as soon as, as long as, 虚拟条件句. f. 分词短语不定式独立主格作状语,比较的逻辑关系 明显比较关系: asas / morethan/ lessthan 隐含比较关系: a. “变化”: change, vary, alter, modify, revise, increase, decrease, crect, destroy, develop, improve, progress, advance, grow, degenerate, continue, remain, s
15、tay, stable b. “差异”: same, different. c. “超越”: surpass, exceed, transcend, excel.,最高级/绝对化 明显最高级/绝对化关系: -est/ 比较级 隐含最高级/绝对化关系: a. 自身含有最高级含义: maximum, minimum, outstanding, extreme. b. 否定加比较: nothing can better than that c. 程度较深的词: surprisingly, amazingly, prohibitively(修饰价格的high),Passage Excerpt: “ S
16、ince the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general from of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. ” Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws of physics. The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of physics. Since functional applied-art objects vary only
