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1、In this argument，the author concludes/recommends that .To support this conclusion/recommendation,the author points out/cites .In addition/On the basis of this,the author also cites that .This argument suffers from several critical/logical flaws,which render it unconvincing as it stands. / However,cl
2、ose scrutiny of the argument reveals several logical problems,which render it unconvincing as it stands.PE(paragraph ending)：Lacking clearer evidence that ,the author cannot expect us to take seriously the claim/convince me that Without addressing this issue/ considering other factors that might con
3、tribute to /ruling out such/other possibilities/explanations/accounting for ,the author cannot justifiably conclude that / justify the claim/convince me that /make any sound recommendation to In short,the author must provide some evidence of before I can accept the authors final conclusion that (接Pe
4、rhaps )If so,this fact/Either scenario/Any of these scenarios,if ture, would significantly/seriously undermine/weaken (the arguers contention /conclusion that) 正1小样本、代表性、随机性、权威性(1)A threshold problem with the argument invloves the statistical reliability of the survey because the size of the sample
5、is too small to be sufficient.Also,the sample might be unrepresentative of as a whole.Without a sufficiently representative sample,the author cannot draw any conclusion whatsoever on the basis of the study. （小样本、代表性）(2) are rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion. From the survey quoted
6、in this argument,we find no sign of such procedures for random samplings and have good reasons to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general situation as a whole.Besides, provides no information about what percentage of responded to the surveys.The lower the percentage,the l
7、ess reliable the results of the surveys/studys conclusion.（随机性、代表性）结尾总结用To better evaluate the reliability of the study upon which the authors conclusion depends,I would need more information about the size/randomness of the studys sample.正2对比试验The author provides no information concerning/omits to
8、inform us about A,B,C and D.It is impossible to conclude without comparing the two groups subjects.For example, .Without evidence of the studys methodological (and statistical) reliability, the author cannot rely on the study to draw any firm conclusion.正3错误因果、错误假设(1)A is not necessarily due to B.Pe
9、rhaps .Since the argument fails to account for this alternative explanation for ,the author cannot (2)The author unfairly attributes A to B/assumes that A were attributable to B.Lacking evidence to confirm this assumption,it is entirely possible that .Or,perhaps .After all,the author provides no evi
10、dence that .PE.正4差异概念、无理假设、缺少证据、定义不清（强调不一定,not necessary）(1)A does not necessarily indicate that B.Perhaps .For that matter, .PE.(2)The argument relies/depends on the (unsubstantiated) assumption that / Based on the fact that A the author infers that B.However,/Yet this is not necessarily the case.P
11、erhaps .If so,this fact would significantly undermine (3)The fact that lends no/little credible/scant support to (4)A problem involves the definition of .The author fails to define this critical term.If is defined as ,then .In short, without a clear definition of it is impossible to assess the stren
12、gth of the argument.正5错误推测（过去推将来、现在推过去）The arguer uses previous experience to illustrate that now ,ignoring the factor of time which perhaps can change everything including .Eg:The economic situation becomes worse;The worsening economic situation正6错误类比(成功不可复制)One problem why I disagree with the argu
13、ment is that it is unwarranted to infer from the success of B that A will also succeed by following the same format. Perhaps .In short,lacking evidence that conditions on the are relevantly similar,the author cannot convince me on the basis of As experience that the action would be effective in B. E
14、g:economic situation,region正7其他因素、非此即彼The argument suffers from “either-or” reasoning.Based on the fact that ,the author unfairly concludes that.However,the author overlooks the possibilityAnother problem with the argument is that it overlooks other factors that /the possibility that A is not the on
15、ly factor affecting B.For instance,perhaps /It is entirely possible that does in fact serve to .PE.正8言行不一The author appreciates sbs strong commitment to sth to some extent. However,we know the fact that to make a commitment is one thing,to achieve it is far more difficult.There is no indication that
16、 they might fulfill their promise.结尾：In sum,the argument is unconvincing as it stands/not well supported.To bolster it,the author must provide clear evidence that The author must also show that .To better assess/evaluate the argument we would need figures /more information about .We should also need to know
