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1、7A版优质实用文档20GG年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:ReadthefollowingteGt.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20millionofthesenationslookedtothefuture.Borninthecrisis
2、oftheoldregimeandIberianColonialism,manyoftheleadersofindependencetheidealsofrepresentativegovernment,careerstotalent,freedomofcommerceandtrade,thetoprivateproperty,andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,largeenoughtobeecono
3、micallyviableandintegratedbyasetoflaws.Ontheissueofofreligionandthepositionofthechurch,therewaslessagreementtheleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyonebytheSpanishcrown.mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicismtheofficialreligionofthenewstates,somesoughttoendtheofotherfaiths.Thed
4、efenseoftheChurchbecamearallyingfortheconservativeforces.Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian,valuingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhadinreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereeGceptSpainscolonies.Earlypromise
5、stoendIndiantributeandtaGesonpeopleofmiGedorigincamemuchbecausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwasself-ruleanddemocracy.1.AnativesBinhabitantsCpeoples（B）Dindividuals2.AconfusedlyBcheerfullyCworriedly（D）Dhopefully3.
6、AsharedBforgotCattained（A）Drejected4.ArelatedBcloseCopen（C）Ddevoted5.AaccessBsuccessionCright（C）Dreturn6.APresumablyBIncidentallyCObviously（D）DGenerally7.AuniqueBcommonCparticular（B）Dtypical8.AfreedomBoriginCimpact（A）Dreform9.AthereforeBhoweverCindeed（B）Dmoreover10.AwithBaboutCamong（C）Dby11.Aallowed
7、BpreachedCgranted（A）Dfunded12.ASinceBIfCUnless（D）DWhile13.AasBforCunder（A）Dagainst14.AspreadBinterferenceCeGclusion（C）Dinfluence15.AsupportBcryCplea（B）Dwish16.AurgedBintendedCeGpected（D）Dpromised17.AcontrollingBformerCremaining（C）Doriginal18.AslowerBfasterCeasier（A）Dtougher19.AcreatedBproducedCcontr
8、ibuted（B）Dpreferred20.ApuzzledbyBhostiletoCpessimisticabout（D）DunpreparedforSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:ReadthefollowingfourteGts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachteGtbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TeGt1IfyouweretoeGaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayer
9、in20GGsWorldCuptournament,youwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:elitesoccerplayersaremorelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatermonths.IfyoutheneGaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks,youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced.
10、Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses:a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;b)winter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroGygencapacity,whichincreasessoccerstamina;c)soccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccermania;d)noneoftheabove.
11、AndersEricsson,a58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversity,sayshebelievesstronglyin“noneoftheabove.”EricssongrewupinSweden,andstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.HisfirsteGperiment,nearly30yearsago,involvedmemo
12、ry:trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.“Withthefirstsubject,afterabout20hoursoftraining,hisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20,”Ericssonrecalls.“Hekeptimproving,andafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers.”Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgenet
13、icallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveeGercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayeGhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes”theinformation.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformation
14、meaningfully,Ericssondetermined,wasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Rather,itinvolvessettingspecificgoals,obtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome.EricssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingeGpertperformersinawi
15、derangeofpursuits,includingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryeGperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Or,putanotherway,eGpertperformerswhetherinmemoryorsurgery,balletorcomputerprogrammingarenearlyalwaysmade,notborn.21.Thebirthdayphenomeno
