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1、The Sentence,Effective Sentences,According to the usages of the sentences: 1) Declarative sentences 2) Interrogative sentences 3)Imperative sentences 4)Exclamatory sentences,According to the structures of the sentences: 1)simple sentences 2)Compound sentences 3)Complex sentences,Types of sentences,A
2、ccording to Rhetoric retrik （修辞学） Loose, Periodic and Balanced sentences,Loose Sentences 松散句或散体句,A loose sentence puts the main idea before all supplementary information; In other words, it puts first things first, And lets the reader know what it is mainly about when he has read the first few words
3、.,Ex: I am willing to pay slightly higher taxes for the privilege of living in Canada, considering the free health care, the cheap tuition fees, the low crime rate, the comprehensive social programs, and the wonderful winters. The main point of this sentence is that the writer prefers to live in Can
4、ada, and the writer makes the point at the very beginning: everything which follows is simply extra information.,Loose sentences,Loose sentence is the one which the main idea is placed first No suspense is attempted. It goes straight to the point so that the reader gets it before he comes to the end
5、 of the sentence. Loose sentences are easier, simpler, more natural and direct.,Periodic Sentences 掉尾句/圆周句/整体句,A periodic sentence: The main idea is expressed at or near the end of it, And it is not grammatically complete until the end is reached. The reader does not know what it is mainly about unt
6、il he finishes reading it. It is more complex, emphatic, formal and literary.,Periodic Sentences,It is important to remember that periodic sentences: Used once or twice in a piece of writing, they can be very effective; Used any more than that, they can make you sound dull and pompous（浮夸）.,Examples,
7、a. She decided to study English though she was interested in music. b. Although she was interested in music, she finally decided to study English. The main idea of both sentences is the fact that she decided to study English. This idea is put at the beginning of the first sentence and at the end of
8、the second, thus making one a loose sentence and the other a periodic one.,Examples,a. She decided to study English though she was interested in music. b. Although she was interested in music, she finally decided to study English. Besides, the first part of the first sentence is complete in structur
9、e; But that of the second is only an adverbial clause and cannot be called a sentence without the second part.,Periodic Sentence,It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. 有一条举世公认的真理:那就是凡有钱的单身汉总想娶位太太.,He was offered a professio
10、nal contract after winning the Olympic gold medal for figure skating, according to newspaper reports. Loose Sentence According to newspaper reports, after winning the Olympic gold medal for figure skating, he was offered a professional contract. Periodic sentence,There have been many great discoveri
11、es made by scientists in the twentieth century. Loose sentence,Scientists in the twentieth century have made many great discoveries.,Periodic sentence,I enjoyed the opera because the music is beautiful, because the performers are excellent. Loose sentence Because the music is beautiful and the perfo
12、rmers are excellent, I enjoyed the opera. Periodic sentence,Balanced sentences(平行句,对偶句） When a sentence contains two parts of the same structure and roughly the same length, and with contrasted (or similar) ideas. It is a balanced sentence.,e.g. 1 He likes pop music; his girlfriend hates it. 2 The o
13、ld man is not lack of money but lack of happiness. 3 On hearing the news, he was excited and I was worried.,Generally, well-written compositions are not entirely made up of loose or periodic or balanced sentences. They should be a mixture of the three for the sake of variety.,Effective Sentences,Cor
14、rectness alone can not make a good sentence . It has to be effective at the same time. Effective sentences have some of the following qualities: unity （一致性） coherence （连贯性） Conciseness（简洁性） Emphasis（强调性） Variety （多样性）,Unity（统一性）,A unified sentence means everything in the sentence should contribute t
15、o making one clear idea. Unity refers to two qualities: there is only one main idea in a sentence, and that idea is complete.,The explorer who has just returned from the Antarctic is busy writing reports on his adventures on that ice-covered continent, where he did not see any animals except penguin
16、s.,Unity,This is a long sentence with many parts, including two clauses. It has one central idea (the explorer is writing reports on his adventures in the Antarctic) and all the other ideas are related to this central idea.,Look at the example:,.,Bring into a sentence only related thoughts and put unrelated thoughts in another sentence or sentences. E.g Born in Sichuan Province, he later became a famous writer. This is a correct but not a good sentence, because the two parts mentioned i
