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1、2019/7/12,法律英语,1,Lesson one,Legal system,2019/7/12,法律英语,2,Every law has no atom of strength, as far as no public opinion supports it. Wendell phillips, American leader against slavery 若是没有公众舆论的支持，法律是丝毫没有力量的。 美国废奴运动领袖 菲力普斯 W,2019/7/12,法律英语,3,Background,Two periods of legal history:,The Period of the
2、English Colonies,The Period of the United States,On May 14, 1607, the Virginia Company explorers landed on Jamestown Island to establish the Virginia English colony,The Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783),2019/7/12,法律英语,4,2019/7/12,法律英语,5,Characteristics,Common law legal system 普通法系,Decentraliz
3、ation,Case law,Stare decisis 遵从前例,2019/7/12,法律英语,6,TextPart One,The United States is at once a very new nation a very old nation,既年轻又古老的国家,2019/7/12,法律英语,7,it is constantly being renewed by the addition of new elements of population and of new States 不断有新的人口成分和新州的加入,It is a new nation,Compared with
4、many other countries 与其他国家相比,2019/7/12,法律英语,8,It is the oldest of the “new“ nations the first one to be made out of an Old World colony. 第一个从旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家 the oldest written constitution the oldest continuous federal system the oldest practice of self-government,It is old,2019/7/12,法律英语,9,The whole
5、of its history belongs in the period since the invention of the printing press. 美国历史是印刷发明以后的历史。,2019/7/12,法律英语,10,for events such as those that are lost in the legendary past of Italy or France or England are part of the printed record of the United States 那些在意大利、法国或英国过去的传说中湮没的那些事件，是美国有文字记载历史的一部分。,T
6、he whole of its history is recorded,2019/7/12,法律英语,11,And the American record,Comprehensive 复杂,Immense 繁多,2019/7/12,法律英语,12,Record of the colonial era 殖民时代的记载 Record of the Nation since 1776 国家从1776年开始的记载 Record of the present fifty States 当前50个州的记载 The intricate network of relationships between Sta
7、tes and Nation 各州与联邦之间错综复杂关系的记载,2019/7/12,法律英语,13,The reports of the United States Supreme Court fill 350 volumes The reports of some States are almost equally voluminous.,联邦最高法院判例汇编,州法院判例汇编,2019/7/12,法律英语,14,The reader who wants to trace the history of law in America is confronted with over 5,000 s
8、tout volumes of legal cases. 想要探索美国法律历史的人面对的是5000多巨册的法律案例。,2019/7/12,法律英语,15,No one document, no handful of documents, can properly be said to reveal the character of a people or of their government. 没有哪一个或者少数几个文件可以准确地揭示一国人民或政府的特征。,2019/7/12,法律英语,16,When hundreds and thousands of documents strike a
9、consistent note，over more than a hundred years, we have a right to say that is the keynote. 当一百多年来成百上千的文件敲击出始终如一的音调时，我们可以说这就是基调。,2019/7/12,法律英语,17,The American legal system, like the English, is methodologically mainly a case law system. 判例法,Part Two,2019/7/12,法律英语,18,2019/7/12,法律英语,19,Most fields o
10、f private law still consist primarily of case law and the extensive and steadily growing statutory continues to be subject to binding interpretation through case law. 私法的大多数领域主要包括判例法，以及广泛的不断增加的成文法，这些成文法继续通过判例法受制于有约束力的法律解释。,2019/7/12,法律英语,20,2019/7/12,法律英语,21,The common law is historically the common
11、 general law with supremacy over local law which was decreed by the itinerant judges of the English royal court. 普通法在历史上是普通综合法，由英国皇家法院的巡回法官颁布的普通综合法地位高于地方法。,2019/7/12,法律英语,22,enforcement 强制执行； claim 请求； action 诉讼行为； writ 法院令状； classical Roman law 古罗马法,2019/7/12,法律英语,23,The enforcement of a claim pres
12、upposed the existence of a special form of action, a writ, with the result that the original common law represented a system of action similar to that of classical Roman law. 某项诉讼请求的强制执行是以法院令状这种特殊诉讼形式的存在为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉讼行为”所构成的体系。,2019/7/12,法律英语,24,If a writ existed (in 1227) a claim co
13、uld be enforced; 有法院令状，诉讼请求就要强制执行； there was no recourse for a claim without a writ, the claim did not exist. 没有法院令状为前提的诉讼请求，就没有追索权，因而该诉讼请求也就不存在。,2019/7/12,法律英语,25,This system became inflexible when the “Provisions of Oxford“ (1258) prohibited the creation of new writs, except for the flexibility wh
14、ich the “writ upon the case“ allowed and which later led to the development of contract and tort law. 这一制度在（1258年）“牛津条例”禁止新令状产生以后变得固定下来；除非“本案令状”允许了灵活性的例外，后者后来发展成合同与侵权法。,2019/7/12,法律英语,26,The narrow limits of the forms of action and the limited recourse they provided led to the development of equity
15、law and equity case law. 诉讼形式的限制及其提供的有限追索权导致了衡平法和衡平判例法的产生。,2019/7/12,法律英语,27,衡平法,由英国衡平法法院的大法官在处理专门的申诉案件时，为避免过分重视令状和程序方面的技术性问题，而集中考虑案情的理据得失，最终发展出有别于普通法的法律规范，就是衡平法。,2019/7/12,法律英语,28,“Equity”doing equity 公平行为公平 deciding ex aequo et bono 决定公平且善良（拉丁语） was first granted by the King, and later by his Chan
16、cellor as “keeper of the Kings conscience“, to afford relief in hardship cases. 首先由国王，以后由作为“国王良知守护人”的大法官作出，以便对难以解决的案例提供救济。,2019/7/12,法律英语,29,In the fifteenth century, however, equity law and equity case law developed into an independent legal system and judiciary (Court of chancery)which competed with the ordinary common law courts. 15世纪，衡平法和衡平判例法发展成独立的法律制度和司法制度（大法官法庭），大法官法庭与普通法法庭并列存在。,2019/7/12,法律英语,30,普通法,衡平法,普通法专指英国在11世纪后由法官通过判决形式逐渐形成的适用于全英格兰的一种
