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1、Languages and the brain,Two areas in human brain Lateralization How is the brain organized for multiple languages? Specific Questions Psychological Perspectives,Two Major Areas of the Human Brain,Brocas area （an area in the left frontal lobe左半脑额叶) responsible for the ability to speak. Wernickes area
2、 (a nearby area adjacent to the part of the cortex脑皮层 ) responsible for language processing.,Language is represented primarily in the left half of the brain within an area around the sylvian fissure (a cleavage separating lobes in the brain-大脑侧裂) Language activity is not localized, but core linguist
3、ic processes are typically in the left hemisphere.,http:/ of the two halves of the brain is known as lateralization, and is present to some extent in infancy. There is increased specialization as the brain matures and has less plasticity（可塑性）. note: plasticity: According to Lenneberg, before the end
4、 of the critical period, both hemispheres are involved to some extent in language and one can take over if the other is damaged. This neurological flexibility is called brain plasticity .,lateralization (脑部的偏侧优势),Critical Period Hypothesis(关键期假说) Lenneberg,children had only a limited number of years
5、 to acquire their L1 flawlessly. If they suffered brain damage to the language areas, brain plasticity in childhood would allow other areas of the brain to take over the language functions of the damaged areas, but beyond a certain age, normal language would not be possible.,Principal Communicative
6、Specialization of L and R Hemisphere,Refer to movement which may be meaningful but is nonlinguistic in nature,Notes: Hemispheric specialization for language is the same regardless of whether the language is spoken or not. The typical distribution of primary functions is probably due to the left hemi
7、spheres being more powerful than the right and therefore better suited for processing the highly complex elements of language.,How Is the Brain Organized for Multiple Languages?,Possibility: multiple languages may be represented in different locations in the brain and/or have different networks of a
8、ctivation. Methods for gathering data,a the relation between brain damage and the loss of language b different languages stimuli c using electrical stimulation at precise points during the surgery dPosition Emission Tomography(正电子发射X射线层析照相术),Specific Questions, 1. How independent are the languages o
9、f multilingual speakers? 2. How are multiple language structures organized in relation to one another in the brain? Are both languages stored in the same areas? 3. Does the organization of the brain for L2 in relation to L1 differ with age of acquisition, how it is learned or level of proficiency? 4
10、. Do two or more languages show the same sort of loss disruption after brain damage? When there is differential impairment or recovery, which language recover first？,1. How independent are the languages of multilingual speakers? No single answer to this question (individual variation & complex facto
11、rs) Conclusion: multiple language systems are neither completely separate nor completely fused.,Ervin and Osgood suggested a three-way possibility for how languages relate in ones mind . Coordinate: parallel linguistic systems independent of one another; Compound: a fused or unified system (simultan
12、eous bilingualism); Subordinate: one linguistic system accessed through another.,2. How are multiple language structures organized in relation to one another in the brain? Are both languages stored in the same areas? For most multilinguals, L1 and L2 are stored in different areas of the brain, both
13、predominantly in areas of the left hemisphere. But right hemisphere may be more involved in L2 than L1.,3. Does the organization of the brain for L2 in relation to L1 differ with age of acquisition, how it is learned or level of proficiency? Age of acquisition influences brain organization for many
14、L2 learners. Individuals who acquire L2 later in life show more right hemisphere involvement. L2 may be learned by many means rather than the single means found in L1 acquisition and may have a greater apparent hemispheric spread. Organization of L2 knowledge is more diffuse for lower levels of prof
15、iciency and more compact for highly fluent L2 users.,4. Do two or more languages show the same sort of loss disruption after brain damage? When there is differential impairment or recovery, which language recover first？ Brain damage results in the same or similar patterns of loss and recovery for bo
16、th /all of the most multilingual persons languages. Early hypothesis: in case of brain damage, the last learned language would be the first lost, the next-to-the-last learned the second to be lost, with L1 the last to remain; recovery was speculated to be L1 first. Obler and Gjerlow concludes: A significant factor in initial recovery is which language was most used in the years before brain damage.,Brain damage,Different l
