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1、3 Structural Engineering（结构工程学） 3.1 Introduction Structural engineering is concerned with the application of structural theory, theoretical and applied mechanics, and optimization to the design, analysis, and evaluation of building structures, bridges, cable structures, and plate and shell structure
2、s. The science of structural engineering includes the understanding of the physical properties of engineering material, the development of methods of analysis, the study of the relative merits of various types of structures and method of fabrication and construction, and the evaluation of their safe
3、ty, reliability, economy, and performance. The study of structural engineering includes such typical topics as strength of materials, structural analysis in both classical and computational methods, structural design in both steel and concrete as well as wood and masonry, solid mechanics, and probab
4、ilistic methods. The types of structures involved in a typical structural engineering work include bridges, buildings, offshore structures, containment vessels, reactor vessels, and dams. Research in structural engineering can include such topics as high-performance computing, computer graphics, com
5、puter-aided analysis and design, stress analysis, structural dynamics and earthquake engineering, structural fatigue, structural mechanics, structural models and experimental methods, structural safety and reliability, and structural stability.,The scope of this section is indicated by the outline o
6、f the contents. It sets out initially to examine the basic properties and strength of materials and goes on to show how these properties affect the analysis and design process of these structures made of either steel or concrete. The topic of composite steelconcrete structures was selected because i
7、t has become popular for tall building, offshore, and large-span construction. The final chapter deals with some of the mathematical techniques by which the safety and reliability issues of these structures so designed may be evaluated and their performance assessed. Recent demands for improvements
8、and upgrades of infrastructure, which includes, among other public facilities, the highway system and bridges, have increased the number of structural engineers employed by highway departments and consulting firms. Graduates with advanced degrees in structural engineering in the areas of experimenta
9、l works, computing and information technology, computer-aided design and engineering, interactive graphics, and knowledge-based expert systems are in great demand by consulting firms, private industry, government and national laboratories, and educational institutions. The rapid advancement in compu
10、ter hardware, particularly in the computing and graphics performance of personal computers and workstations, is making future structural engineering more and more oriented toward computer-aided engineering. Increased computational power will also make hitherto unrealized approaches feasible. For exa
11、mple, this will make the rigorous consideration of the life-cycle analysis and performance-based assessment of large structural systems feasible and practical. Advanced analysis and high-performance computing in structural engineering are now subjects of intense research interest. Good progress has
12、been made, but much more remains to be done.,3.2 Mechanics of Materials The subject of mechanics of materials involves analytical methods for determining the strength , stiffness (deformation characteristics), and stability of the various members in a structural system. Alternatively, the subject ma
13、y be called the strength of materials, mechanics of solid deformable bodies, or simply mechanics of solids. The behavior of a member depends not only on the fundamental laws that govern the equilibrium of forces, but also on the mechanical characteristics of the material. These mechanical characteri
14、stics come from the laboratory, where materials are tested under accurately known forces and their behavior is carefully observed and measured. For this reason, mechanics of materials is a blended science of experiment and Newtonian postulates of analytical mechanics. The advent of computer technolo
15、gy has made possible remarkable advances in the analytical methods, notably the finite element method , for solving problems of mechanics of materials. Prior to the computer, practical solutions were largely restricted to simple and idealized problems. Today, the technology is capable of analyzing c
16、omplex three-dimensional structural systems with nonlinear material properties. Although this chapter will be limited to presenting the classical topics, the relatively simple methods employed are unusually useful as they apply to a vast number of technically important and practical problems of structural engineering.,3.3 Theory and Analysis of Structures The main purpose of structural analysis is to determine forces and deformations of the structure due to applied loads. Structural design invo
