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1、essay写作网（）-专业留学生作业辅导中心美国essay写作-美国国防部的知识产权管理In the decades after World War II, the vast majority of defense r&d funds were paid by the government, and the intellectual property rights of the U.S. department of defense mainly managed the intellectual property rights generated by government investment
2、. Since the 1990s, this situation has undergone a major reversal. The proportion of government investment in national defense research and development has dropped substantially, while private investment has risen substantially. Decades of unchanging intellectual property policies have led to a backl
3、ash from private contractors.In 2000, the total r&d expenditure in the United States was $245 billion, of which only $65 billion was invested by the federal government, accounting for only 26%. Private investment was 180 billion yuan, accounting for 74% of the total. The department of defense accoun
4、ted for half of the federal governments investment, $22.5 billion, up only $500 million from 1993, seven years earlier. It is difficult for government investment alone to meet the demand for funds for the exponential growth of modern weapon performance. This has forced the department of defense to h
5、eavily deploy sophisticated and inexpensive commercial technology in weapons systems. Therefore, the ministry of defense has to reform the previous intellectual property policies vigorously. This paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the reformed policies and regulations of the ministry of defense
6、 on intellectual property.At present, when the ministry of defense transfers technology from the private sector, the main difficulty it encounters is the issue of intellectual property rights. First, private enterprises regard intellectual property rights as their lifeline and will not enter the def
7、ense market at the expense of their own rights and interests. Second, procurement officials are wary of new private companies entering the defense market for fear of harming defense interests for commercial gain. Deputy secretary of defense for acquisition, technology and logistics, E. C. Little ald
8、ridge had repeatedly asked procurement officials: you have to learn how to protect the intellectual property rights of commercial technology. In contract negotiations, commercial companies should be able to negotiate in a way that makes it easier for them to accept the basic needs of the military.Ac
9、cording to the ministry of defense, it is a very difficult task for procurement officials to learn how to attract large and small commercial companies with strong technological innovation ability to the defense market. First of all, for the large American companies that have played a role in the glo
10、bal technological revolution, they have mastered many key defense technologies and are important partners of the department of defense. But they fear losing global control over intellectual property when dealing with the mod, and are therefore unwilling to share their technology or comply with too m
11、any of its special requirements. Second, many small businesses in the United States have shorter innovation cycles, lower innovation costs, and greater flexibility than larger companies, making them indispensable to U.S. defense programs. But these smaller companies would prefer the defense departme
12、nt to fund innovation and intellectual property.The defense department considers the advanced research projects agency to be by far the most attractive institution for commercial companies. They have done a lot of work in moving commercial technology and products to acquisition programs. He is flexi
13、ble in signing defense contracts with commercial companies and can properly protect their intellectual property rights. Procurement officials seeking commercial technology should first consult the bureau. If a company apportioned its defense r&d costs, it would be most advantageous for the company t
14、o own its intellectual property rights. However, since the defense department also Shared the cost, the enterprise could not monopolize its rights. Therefore, the ownership and sharing of intellectual property rights in defense contracts is one of the important issues concerned by both parties.For a
15、 long time, the U.S. department of defense has adopted strict management policies on the patents, technical data, computer software and other intellectual property rights generated by its investment, so as to ensure the maximization of national defense interests. In some cases, although ownership is
16、 granted to contractors, the department of defense retains the right to use it free of charge for defense purposes. Now, commercial enterprises have become major investors in defense research funds. The intellectual property policies have failed to attract business, especially nontraditional defense contractors working with the defense department. In the era of knowledge economy, the protection of intellectual property rights is as important to enterpris
