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1、1. Briefly define the following terms1) TransducerA transducer is a device that converts a signal from one physical form to a corresponding signal having a different physical form .2) SensorA sensor converts a physical signal into an electrical signal (i.e., a microphone).3) ActuatorAn actuator is a
2、 device that converts electrical energy into physical energy (i.e., a loudspeaker).4) LinearityThe linearity describes the closeness between the calibration curve and a specified straight line. 5) SensitivityThe sensitivity is defined in terms of the relationship between input physical signal and ou
3、tput electrical signal. It is generally the ratio between a small change in electrical signal to a small change in physical signal. The sensitivity is the slope of the calibration curve.6) HysteresisThe hysteresis refers to the difference between two output values that correspond to the same input,
4、depending on the direction (increasing or decreasing) of successive input values. That is, similarly to the magnetization in ferromagnetic materials, it can happen that the output corresponding to a given input depends on whether the previous input was higher or lower than the present one.Some senso
5、rs do not return to the same output value when the input stimulus is cycled up or down. The width of the expected error in terms of the measured quantity is defined as the hysteresis. 7) RepeatabilityThe repeatability is the closeness of agreement between successive results obtained with the same me
6、thod under the same conditions and in a short time interval. sample standard deviation8) Strain (mechanical)Fractional change in length L/L.9) Gage factorThe gage factor is defined as the fractional change in resistance divided by the strain.10) Piezoresistive effect The change in resistivity as a r
7、esult of a mechanical stress is called the piezoresistive effect.11) direct piezoelectric effect. the phenomenon of generation of a voltage under mechanical stress is referred to as the piezoelectric effect.12) converse piezoelectric effect. The mechanical strain produced in the crystal under electr
8、ic stress is called the converse piezoelectric effect. 13) Numerical ApertureThe acceptance cone defines how much light will be accepted into the fiber and ultimately how much remains in the fiber, and is referred to as the numerical aperture. 14) Extrinsic sensorThe optical fiber plays no part in a
9、chieving the modulating but simply acts as a transmission medium ; these are extrinsic sensors.15) Intrinsic sensors (fiber optic sensor)The optical fiber plays a major role in modulating the energy from the source; these are referred to as intrinsic sensors.16) Humiditya quantity representing the a
10、mount of water vapor in the atmosphere or a gas17) Absolute humidityAbsolute humidity is the mass of water vapor per unit volume of air.18) Relative humidityThe ratio of the actual vapor density to the theoretical maximum (saturation) vapor density at the same temperature, expressed as a percentage.
11、 The relative humidity is the ratio of the actual vapor pressure to the saturation vapor pressure at given temperature.19) Peltier effectWhen two dissimilar metals are connected together, a small voltage called a thermojunction voltage is generated at the junction. This is called the Peltier effect.
12、20) Law of Homogeneous Conductors For a given pair of homogeneous conductors forming a closed loop, the Seebeck emf depends only on the temperatures of the junctions, and not on the temperature distribution along the length of the conductors.21) Law of intermediate metals A third (intermediate) meta
13、l wire can be inserted in series with one of the wires without changing the voltage reading (provided that the two new junctions are at the same temperature).If there is a third metal introduced into the thermocouple circuit , it will not adversely effect the reading, if and only if the two junction
14、s of the third metal are at the same temperatures .22) Bernoullis theorem Bernoullis equation states that energy is approximately conserved across a constriction in a pipe.Bernoullis equation: P/(g) + v2/g + y = constant (=density; g=acceleration of gravity ; v=fluid velocity; y=elevation )2. Descri
15、be the following devices and how they work1) Strain gageThe strain gauge usually consists of wire, baking, thinpaper, and lead welded. The wire is arranged in the form of a grid in order to obtain higher resistances. 2) Parallel plate Capacitive SensorThe parallel plate Capacitive Sensor is a functi
16、on of the distance d (cm) between the electrodes of a structure, the surface area A (cm2) of the electrodes, and the permittivity 0 (for air) of the dielectric between the electrodes; therefore: 3) Differential Capacitive SensorA differential capacitor consists of two variable capacitors so arranged that they under
