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1、高考【专题二】冠词和代词【考情分析】(1)冠词在高考中的考查重点：冠词是历年高考的必考知识点,主要出现在单项选择和短文改错题中. 虽说只有两类,共三个（不定冠词a, an和高考资源网定冠词the),但其使用规则很复杂,考生对此语法束手无策。纵观历年高考试题,冠词考点主要集中在以下几点:1.考查不定冠词a/an表示个别或泛指的用法2.考查定冠词the特指某一个人或事物的用法3.考查不定冠词和定冠词在固定搭配中的用法4.考查零冠词（即省略冠词)表示泛指及其习惯搭配用法5.考查冠词在表示类别名词前的用法6.考查不定冠词在具体化抽象名词前的用法7.考查冠词在比较级前的用法8.考查冠词在其他特殊结构中的
2、用法9.考查有无冠词而迥异短语(2)数词在高考中的考查重点：1.数词表示确切数目和不确切数目的区别；2.数词复数的特殊用法；3.基数词和序数词的用法4.dozen和score 的特殊用法5.倍数表达法【知识归纳】冠词考点一：不定冠词的基本用法1泛指一个。如：There is a book on the table.2指人或事物的某一种类。如：His father is a driver. Longjing is a wonderful tea.3指某一个人或事物，但不具体说明。如：My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire.4用于某一些表示重量、长
3、度、时间等单位前，表示“每一”。如：We have meals three times a day.5表示同样的。如：They are of an age.(他们是同岁。)6表数量，相当于one，但语意较弱。如：There is a pen and two books on the desk. 7使抽象名词具体化。如：The little girl is a help to her mother. (a hand译为“帮手”)8固定搭配。如：as a matter of fact , in a hurry, in a word 考点二：定冠词的基本用法1表示上文提到过的人或事物。如：I hav
4、e bought a book. The book is very useful.2用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如：Close the window, please.3用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the sun, the moon, the earth, the world等。4用于表示方位的名词之前。如：the east, the right。5用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如：the first, the tallest。6用于形容词之前，使其名词化。如：the sick, the wounded。7用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如：the United Stat
5、es, the United Nation。8用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前。如：the Changjiang River, the East Lake。9用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如：The Smiths。10用于乐器的名词前。如：play the piano; play the violin。 11发明物。如：The compass was invented in China. 12年代名词前。如：He lived in the countryside in the 1970s. 13固定词组中。如：in the morning(afternoon,
6、evening), on the other hand , at the same time考点三：零冠词的基本用法1表示总称的复数名词之前。如：Children love cartoons.(儿童喜欢卡通影片。)2不含普通名词的专有名词前。如：We are studying English.3名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。如：I like this picture; I do not have any money; As time went on, Einsteins theory proved to be correct.4官职、季节、月份、星期等名词前，一般不用
7、冠词。如：She likes spring most.5呼语前不用冠词。如：What shall I do next, Mother?6三餐饭前不用冠词。如：What did you have for lunch?7节假日前不用冠词。如：People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.8球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。如：She is fond of playing basketball.9在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。如：arm in arm(手挽手); hand in hand(手牵手); side by side(肩并肩); day a
8、nd day(日日夜夜); young and old(老老少少); from door to door(挨门挨户); from beginning to end(从头到尾); from morning till night(从早到晚)等。10.与by连用表示交通方式的名词前；以and连接的两个相对的名词连用时；数词考点一： hundred, thousand和million的用法若hundred, thousand, million, billion等词的前面有基数词或several修饰时，hundred, thousand, million, billion等只能用单数形式；注意hundr
9、ed, thousand, million, billion等词前不能用many，若表示不确定数目的数百、数千、数百万等时，要用它们的复数形式，还要加上of。考点二：dozen与score的用法(1)dozen （一打，十二），score （二十）与具体数词或与many, several 等连用时，后不加s，所修饰的名词前常省去of。如:two dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋，many dozen pencils好多打铅笔；dozen, score的复数形式后接of时，表示许多，是概数。如:dozens of eggs几十个鸡蛋，scores of pencils几十支铅笔。(2)当所修饰的名
10、词之前有限定词these, those, my, your等或是修饰人称代词宾格them, us, you时，这时需要加of。如：two dozen of these pens, three score of them。考点三： 分数的表达法：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，若分子大于1，则分母用复数。如：one-fourth (a quarter) 1/4 two-fifths 2/5考点四：年龄表达法表示某人的确切年龄，用基数词years old或基数词of age或者at the age of基数词，也可直接用基数词；表示某人几十多岁时，用in ones + 逢十的基数词的复数(如tens,
11、 twenties, thirties等)来表达。He is in his late twenties. 他快30了。The old lady died in her early seventies beside a church in New York. 那位老太太70来岁就死在了纽约的一个教堂附近。考点五：年代表达法表示几十年代时，在阿拉伯数字后加s或s。in the 1990s考点六：倍数的表达方式(1)倍数形容词(或副词)的比较级than。如：This rope is twice longer than that one.这根绳的长度是那根绳的三倍。(比那根绳长二倍)This hall
12、 is five times bigger than our classroom.这个大厅比我们的教室大五倍。(是我们教室的六倍)(2)倍数as形容词(或 much)或副词as。如：This big stone is three times as heavy as that one.这块大石头的重量是那一块的三倍。(这块石头比那块重二倍)The plane flew ten times as high as the kite.那架飞机飞行高度是那个风筝的十倍。(高出九倍)(3)倍数the size(length，height.)of。如：This street is four times th
13、e length of that street.这条街是那条街的四倍长。This hill is four times the height of that small one.这座山的高度是那座小山的四倍。(比那座小山高三倍)也可用：The height of this hill is four times that of that small one.【考点例析】【高考真题】1The Smiths dont usually stay at_ hotels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by _ sea
14、. 【2012江西卷】A/; aBthe; theC/; theDthe; a1C考查冠词。hotel为复数，前不会用定冠词the来修饰；江，河，湖，海前要加定冠词2.The development of industry has been_ gradual process throughout _ human existence, from stone tools to modern technology. 【2012浙江卷】A. 不填, theB. the; aC. a; 不填D. a; a2. C 考查冠词。第一空process是可数名词，第一次出现一般用不定冠词，且此次表示“一个”的概
15、念；第二空existence是不可数名词，其此处表示抽象概念，故用零冠词。3. Carl is studying _food science at college and hopes to open up _meat processing factory of his own one day. 【2012安徽卷】A. / ； a B. / ；the C. the ; a D. the ; the 3.A 本题考查冠词。science是不可数名词，用零冠词，后面的factory是一个可数名词，用a 表示泛指。4. Sam has been appointed _ manager of the engineering department to take _ place of George. 【2012重庆卷】 A. /,/ B. the,/ C the the D./, the4. D 考查冠词用法。句意：Sam被任命为工程部经
