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1、1.语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality 多产性productivity移位性displacement文化传播性cultural transmission 2.语言的功能：传达信息功能informative人济功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能 metalingual3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学 phonology形态学 Morphology句法学 syntax语义学 semantics语用学
2、pragmatics4. Origin of language the divine-origine theory.The bow-wow theory.In primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from thatThe pooh-pooh theory In the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sou
3、nds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into language.The “yo-he-ho” theory.As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language.5.What is linguistics：is generally a scientific study of language .It is a ma
4、jor branch of social science.6. macrolinguistics宏观语言学Psycholinguistics 心理语言学 Sociolinguistics 社会语言学Anthropological linguistics 人类语言学 Computational linguistics 计算语言学7.Important distinctions in linguistics Descriptive vs. prescriptive描写式和规定式Synchronic vs. diachronic共时和历时Competence and performance语言能力和
5、语言运用Langue & parole语言和言语The informative function means language is the instrument of thought and people often use it to communicate new information.The interpersonal function means people can use language to establish and maintain their status in a society.The performative function of language is pr
6、imarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies.The emotive function is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucial in cha
7、nging the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.The phatic communion means people always use some small, seemingly meaningless expressions such as Good morning, God bless you, Nice day, etc., to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without any factual cont
8、ent.The recreational function means people use language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a babys babbling or a chanters chanting.The metalingual function means people can use language to talk about itself. E.g. I can use the word “book” to talk about a book, and I can also use the expression “
9、the word book” to talk about the sign “b-o-o-k” itself.Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics.Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the
10、shape of syllables.Morphology studies the minimal units of meaning morphemes and word-formation processes.Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences. Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in
11、a language.Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context.语音学PhoneticsPhonetics is the study of speech sounds. It includes three main areas:Articulatory phonetics the study of the production of speech soundsAcoustic phonetics the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechAudito
12、ry phonetics the study of perception of speech soundsSpeech organs发音器官：are those parts of the human body involved in the production of speech. The speech organs can be considered as consisting of three parts: the initiator of the air stream气流发生器官, the producer of voice声音发生器官and the resonating caviti
13、es. 声音共振器官元音The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low), the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back), and the degree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded)辅音consonant：there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.Mann
14、ers of articulation辅音的发音方式refers to ways in which articulation can be accomplishedbilabiallabiodentaldentalalveolarpostalveolarpalatalvelarglottalStop/plosiveP bT dK gnasalmnfricativeF vS zhapproxiamant(w)jwlaterallaffricatepvoiceless bilabial stop bvoiced bilabial stopsvoiceless alveolar fricativez
15、voiced alveolarm bilabial nasaln alveolar nasal l alveolar lateralj palatal approximant h glottal fricative r alveolar approximanti:high front tense unroundvoweluhigh back lax rounded vowel mid central lax unrounded vowel low back lax rounded vowelThe palce of articulation:refers to the point where a consonant is made Coarticulation and phonetic transcription协同发音和语音转写Anticipatory coarticulation预期 and Perseverative coarticulation持续The use of a simple set of symbols in our transcription is called a broad transcription
