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1、Argumentation,Argumentation is the type of writing in which writers try to encourage readers to accept their point of view on a controversial issue. A piece of argumentative written work expresses the writers own idea on a subject instead of merely assembling facts.,Definition,To convince. Make the
2、reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes.,Purpose of Argumentation,While an exposition makes known something and explains it to make the reader understand, an argumentation makes
3、 the reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes.,What type of writing should we write judging from the following titles?,Examination Harmful or Useful? My Views on Examinations Whi
4、ch Weighs More School Brand or Major? Why I Came to College Should Class Attendance Be Required? Laid-off Workers Have to Face Reality Internet the Indispensable of Our Life Should Euthanasia (安乐死) Be Legalized?,A,E,A,E,A,E,E,A,Introduction: Issue; Background information; Definition of terms. Claim:
5、 Thesis statement. Body: Reasons and evidence; Emotional appeals; Refutation (反驳). Conclusion: Restatement of claim; Final appeal; Urge to take action.,Overall Structure of an Argumentation,The issue a controversy, a problem, or an idea about which people disagree and hold different points of view.
6、The claim the point of view the writer tries to prove about the issue, usually the writers view on the issue. The support ideas and information intended to convince readers that the claim is sound or believable. The three common types of support are reasons, evidence and emotional appeal.,(1) A deba
7、table point (2) Sufficient evidence (3) Clear logic (4) An honest and friendly attitude (5) Good use of the other three types of writing description, narration, and especially the various methods of exposition.,How to write a good argumentation,In the opening paragraph give a well-defined theme, or
8、clearly state your point of view of the issue. It is imperative that the paper should have a debatable point something can be viewed from more than one angle and is therefore open to dispute.,1. A debatable point,1. Avoid mere statement of facts Chinese doctors use acupuncture anesthesia to perform
9、certain operations. Acupuncture anesthesia should replace conventional anesthesia in all operations. Certain electronic equipment have been used in road control. Electronic equipment should be applied in all road control.,How to make sure you have a good thesis statement?,topic + your position/stand
10、 Although many young people would agree that those who are old enough to vote, fight, and die for their country are old enough to drive responsibly, the drinking age should remain twenty-one because of the dangers of alcohol-related accidents and the lack of alcohol education programs.,How to write
11、a debatable thesis statement,Provide sufficient evidence Examples concrete, illustrative, representative Facts readily accepted, be based on personal observation Statistics avoid presenting a long list of figures Authorities those who are experienced and knowledgeable in certain fields Valid evidenc
12、e is that which is clearly and directly connected with the point to be proved.,2. Sufficient evidence,From the least important to the most important From the most familiar to the least familiar From the easiest for the reader to accept or comprehend to the most difficult,3. Clear logic,Inductive rea
13、soning Is the more common way. When you use induction, you start with facts and proceed from facts to a general conclusion. In other words, you move from specific examples to a general statement.,Induction & Deduction,Deductive reasoning 演绎 The process is just the opposite of inductive reasoning it
14、moves from a general statement to a specific conclusion. It works on the model of syllogism（三段论法） a three-part argument in which there are two statements, known as the major premise and the minor premise, and a conclusion.,Induction & Deduction,Major premises: Big city can be dangerous. Major premis
15、es: New York is one of the big cities. Conclusion: New York can be dangerous. OR Major premises: All human beings make mistakes. Major premises: X is a human being. Conclusion: Therefore, X makes mistakes.,Induction & Deduction,The purpose is to win readers to your side. By showing respect for the m
16、erit in their position, you are decreasing readers resistance to your own position. Besides, it also proves that you understand that no arguable position is absolutely right.,4. An honest and friendly attitude,Should University Students Go in for Business?,Practice:,There are two opposite views on university students trying their hands at business. One is that doing business helps to adapt better to the so
