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1、,Ch03: 研究过程 Research Process,目录,上周内容回顾 研究过程简介 研究步骤,研究术语Research language 概念Concepts 对现实的抽象,观念性定义 构念Construct 能度量的概念 变量 Variables 数字化的构念 信度 reliability 稳定、一致 效度 validity 真实、准确,Last chapter,Operationalization,Numbered,类型 Types 自变量/因变量 Independent vs. Dependent variables 调节变量（干扰变量） Moderating variables
2、 中介变量 Mediating variables/ Intervening Variables 外生变量（控制变量） Extraneous variables (control variables),Last chapter,Venkatesh, V., Chan, F. K. Y., & Thong, J. Y. L. (2012). Designing e-government services: Key service attributes and citizens preference structures. Journal of Operations Management, 30,
3、 12, 116-133.,IV,DV,Mediator,Tang, X., & Rai, A. (2012). The moderating effects of supplier portfolio characteristics on the competitive performance impacts of supplier-facing process capabilities. Journal of Operations Management, 30, 12, 85-98.,IV,Moderator,DV,Control variables,Kwon, K., Chung, K.
4、, Roh, H., Chadwick, C., & Lawler, J. J. (2012). The moderating effects of organizational context on the relationship between voluntary turnover and organizational performance: Evidence from Korea. Human Resource Management, 51, 1, 47-70,IV,DV,Control Variables,Moderators,Interaction terms,研究术语Resea
5、rch language 命题 propositions 能被判断真假的，对可观察现象的陈述 假设 Hypotheses 对两个或多个变量间关系的说明式陈述 理论 Theory 通常是复杂的、抽象的、包含多个变量的,Last chapter,Deductive research 演绎研究,Inductive research 归纳研究,Theoretical research 理论研究,Descriptive research 描述研究,1. Research Question 研究问题,3. Theory and Hypotheses 理论和假设,4. The empirical study
6、实证研究,2. Literature review文献回顾,A Simplified Scientific Research Process and Types of Research,研究过程 Research Process,实证研究基本步骤： 你能列出几个？ 问题界定 Problem formulation 假设设立 Hypothesis formulation 研究设计 Research design 样本与取样 Sample and sampling 数据收集Data collection 数据分析 Data analysis 文稿撰写 Manuscript Writing,Rese
7、arch Process,Research Process,Step 1: 问题界定 Problem Formulation 定性研究 （如访谈）可以用来形成研究问题 Qualitative research (e.g., in-depth interviews) can be used to help formulate problems. 好的问题陈述的特性 Characteristics of a good problem statement: 疑问式 interrogative form. 特定关系 specifies relations 可测的 Testable,Research P
8、rocess1- Problem Formulation,14,爱因斯坦：“提出一个问题往往比解决一个问题更重要，因为解决问题也许仅是一个数学上或实验上的技能而已，而提出新的问题、新的可能性，从新的角度去看旧问题，却需要有创造性的想象力，这标志着科学的真正进步。,“对一个问题作出恰当界定等于解决了问题的一半。”,明确研究问题 Clarifying the Research Question,管理研究问题基本来源于管理困境,Research Process1- Problem Formulation,1. 定义问题 Define the problem 明确问题症状Specify the sym
9、ptoms 罗列产生这些症状的可能原因 Itemize the possible causes of these symptoms. 确定能减轻这些症状（产生相关结果）的合理方案 Identify the reasonable courses of action that would alleviate the symptoms (as well as other related consequences.),Research Process1- Problem Formulation,17,Counter-example:,过宽,过窄,合理,2. 确定研究对象 Establish resea
10、rch objectives 知道什么样的信息可以被收集来告诉我们合适的方案 know what information we need to collect that would tell us the appropriate course of action. 什么是你想知道的 This is usually manifested in a stated research question - what is it that you want to know?,Research Process1- Problem Formulation,主题选择的方式 Ways to Select Top
11、ics,个人经历 Personal experience 对媒体或期刊中相关事项好奇 Curiosity based on something in the media or literature 特定领域的知识现状 State of knowledge in the field Networking, sharing ideas/information with colleagues 解决问题Solving a problem What causes “x”? 社会热点 Social premiums “hot” topics (RFPs & association lists) topic
12、s that will get attention 个人价值观或兴趣Personal values / interest 日常生活 Everyday life,Step 2: 假设设立Hypotheses Formulation 假设是对问题的回答Hypotheses are answers to problem statements. 定性研究可以被用来提供假设Qualitative research can be used to provide hypotheses. 好假设的特点 Characteristics of a good hypothesis: 推测的形式 It is in a
13、 conjecture form. 确定两个或多个构念的关系 It specifies relations between two or more constructs. 可验证的It implies testability.,Research Process2- Hypotheses Formulation,Step 3: 研究设计 Research Design 研究计划能指导研究进程A research plan that will guide the research process. 社会科学的基本研究设计 Basic research designs for social scie
14、nces 样本调查 Sample surveys 实验 Experiments 案例 Case 特点Characteristics 普遍性 Generalizability 准确性/控制性 Precision/control 现实存在性 Existential realism,Research Process3- Research Design,没有完美的研究设计，每种研究设计都有其优劣势There is no perfect research design; different research designs have different strengths and weaknesses.
15、,Research Process3- Research Design,High,High,High,Low,Low,Low,Low,Low,Low,Step 4: 样本和取样Sample and Sampling 获取数据的基本方法 Determine methods of accessing data: 获取二手数据Accessing secondary information 从什么地方获取 Where will you access the data? (e.g., Stock market, Database) 更多的通过技术手段，不要单纯依赖印刷材料 Greater relianc
16、e on technology, less reliance on printed material. 获取首要数据 Accessing primary information 邮件、电话、购物中心访谈等 Mail, telephone, mall intercepts are popular, but there are others (Internet surveys, personal interviews, direct observation, etc.),Research Process4- Sample and Sampling,取样的两种模式： 概率/非概率 Two types of sampling: Probability vs. non-probability sampling. 概率抽样法 Probability sampling 简单随机抽样 simple random sampling 分层抽样stratified sampling 聚类抽样 （整群抽样）cluster samp
