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1、1.段落解释：A paragraph is a unit of thought composed of sentences,smaller units of thought,that relate to a single topic.Paragraph divisions serve two very useful functions2.A good paragraph is composed组成 in such a way that it has:unityeach sentence relates to a main idea with nothing in the paragraph n
2、ot covered by the topic sentence;coherencethe sentences are tied each other and to the main idea,they flow smoothly;completenessit explores the main idea explicitly and concretely,with plenty of details,examples,and explanations3.第一个写作常识An effective paragraph has sound internal structure.The qualiti
3、es that indicate sound internal structure are unity,coherence,and completeness.4.怎样做到内容一致An excellent way of achieving unity is by means of the topic sentence.Properly used,the topic sentence forces the writer to adhere to and to sustain the point he is trying to establish5.标题句The topic sentence 作用
4、the topic sentence properly used can achieve unity in the paragraph,which indicate the importance of the topic sentence;the topic sentence is an emphatically placed,explicit statement of the central idea in a paragraph6.第二个写作常识 怎样写好标题句 In short,a good topic sentence has a limited subject and a sharp
5、 focus,namely,a good topic sentence is not too general nor too narrow.A topic sentence that is too general requires much more than a paragraph to develop it.A topic sentence that is too narrow leaves little to be said in the rest of the paragraph.7.Coherence: 连贯 coherence is connection and consisten
6、cy.A coherent paragraph is one in which all the sentence are related logically and grammatically to make a whole that allows the reader to follow the writers train of thought step by step 8第三个写作常识 Just as topic sentences help readers follow our ideas,other signals also help them understand what we h
7、ave to say.When we write and when we revise,look for the areas that seem choppy or unconnectedthat lack coherence.We can establish better coherence by using the following devices:pronoun reference,repetition,and transitional words and phrases9.Completeness 内容完整性 Completeness in a paragraph means tha
8、t the topic is adequately developed by details,explanations,definitions,evidences,and the like,so that the reader is not left with only a fuzzy idea of what the writer means1第四个写作常识：Development of the main idea, then, is like enlarging a photograph to make the details clearer. So, development in the
9、 paragraph is as important as unity and coherence between skillful development helps us to stick to our subject and focus and to keep up the sense of oneness.2Inductive Pattern (归纳法概念)：In developing a paragraph by means of the inductive pattern of reasoning the writer presents particular instances o
10、f a like kind and leads them into valid generalization which serves as his topic sentence.3Deductive Pattern (演绎法概念)：In developing a paragraph by means of the deductive pattern the writer begins with a generalization(the topic sentence) and proceeds with specific elaboration or application of the ge
11、neral idea.4Inductive-deductive Pattern(归纳演绎法)：As the name indicates, in developing a paragraph by means of inductive-deductive pattern the writer first presents particular instances and a resulting generalization, then applies the generalization to a new instance.5第五个写作常识：Sequences of development a
12、re not independent of types of development. The most important sequences of development are general to particular, particular to general, climactic, chronological, and spatial.6Climactic Sequence (层递顺序)：In a climactic sequence, the most intense or highest point of interest is saved for the final sen
13、tence, which may be, but is not necessarily, the topic sentence.7.Chronological Sequence (时间顺序):A chronological sequence is one in which earlier things precede later things; items are listed in the order in which they occur in time. The most obvious use of a chronological sequence is in telling a st
14、ory.8Spatial Sequence (空间顺序)：A spatial sequence is used in descriptions of various types. It starts the reader at a particular point and then moves logically in some direction, from one place to another.9第六个写作常识：The type of development is the way in which the main idea is supported-by details, defin
15、itions, statements of cause and effect, and so on.10段落展开方式：Among the most important types of paragraph development are development by detail, comparison and contrast, process, classification and partition, cause and effect, definition, and mixed development.11Development by Comparison and Contrast (
16、比较和对比)：a comparison shows how two or more things are alike; a contrast shows how they are different.12Development by Division and Classification (分类法和归类法)：Dividing and classifying information is central to the writing process. When we divide, we begin with a whole, a complete body of information or one idea, and break it into its parts. When we classify, we begin with many small observations and sort them into categories on the basis of t
