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1、一、名词单数变复数 1. 规则变化 一般在名词后加 s,变成复数. girlgirls, penpens 以 s,x,sh,ch 结尾的,在后面加 es. classclasses, foxfoxes, brushbrushes, watchwatches.(注意 stomach 的复数为 stomachs.) “以辅音字母+y”结尾的,y 变为 i,然后再加 es. babybabies. 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词英语中共有 100 多个,其中直接加 s 的有 92 个,但这些绝大多数不常用, 如 safe, roof, belief 等；把 f 或 fe 改为 v, 再加 es 的只有
2、 13 个,但 13 个都是常用的名词,如 thief, life, wife, shelf, self, knife, half, leaf, wolf 等. 以 o 结尾的名词,除有生命的“两人两物”Negro, hero, tomato, potato 等少数在后面加 es 外, 一般是在后面直接加 s.如 kilokilos, photophotos, zoozoos, radioradios, pianopianos, videovideos. 2. 不规则变化 manmen woman women policemanpolicemen footfeet goosegeese too
3、thteeth childchildren mousemice 二、动词变三单（一般现在时） 注意一般现在时表示经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。标志词： always,usually,often,sometimes,every week(day,year,month),once a week 1.一般的直接加 s workworks 2.以 s,x,sh,ch 结尾的加 es teachteaches gogoes 3 以不发音的e 结尾动词,动词词尾加d, livelives 4.以辅音字母加 Y 结尾的把 y 变 i 加 es e.g.：studystudies 三、动词过去式
4、（一般过去时） 注意一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为； 标志词：ago,yesterday,the day before yesterday,last week,last(year,night,month),in 1989,just now,at the age of 5,one day,long ago,once upon a time. 1.规则变化 一般情况下,动词词尾加-ed, workworked playplayed wantwanted askasked 以不发音的e 结尾动词,动词词尾加-d, livelived movemoved
5、tastetasted 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,把 y 改成 i,加 -ed, studystudies trytried carrycarried 重读闭音节动词,双写词尾辅音字母,再 加-ed,如：stopstopped permitpermitted 2.不规则变化 A-A-A 型（现在式、过去式、过去分词同形） cost cost cost 花费 cut cut cut 割，切 hit hit hit 打 let let let 让 put put put 放下 read read read 读 hurt hurt hurt 伤 A-A-B 型（现在式和过去式同形） beat b
6、eat beaten 打 A-B-A 型（现在式和过去分词同形） come came come 来 become became become 变 run ran run 跑 A -B -B 型 i 在动词原形后加一个辅音字母 d 或 t 构成过去式或过去分词。 burn burnt burnt 燃烧 learn learned/learnt learned/learnt 学习 mean meant meant 意思 hear heard heard 听见 ii 把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母“d”改为“t”构成过去式或过去分词。 build built built 建筑 lend lent le
7、nt 借给 lose lost lost 失去 send sent sent 送 spend spent spent 花费 iii 其他 pay paid paid 付 lay laid laid 下蛋 say said said 说 bring brought brought 带来 buy bought bought 买 think thought thought 想 catch caught caught 抓住 teach taught taught 教 fight fought fought 战斗 sleep slept slept 睡 keep kept kept 保持 sweep s
8、wept swept 扫 stand stood stood 站 understand understood understood 明白 win won won 得胜 shine shone/shined shone/shined 发光 feel felt felt 觉得 find found found 发现 get got got 得到 hang hanged/ hung hanged/ hung 绞死，挂 have had had 有 hold held held 盛，握 leave left left 离开 make made made 制造 meet met met 遇见 sell
9、sold sold 卖 shoot shot shot 射击 tell told told 告诉 smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled 嗅，闻 sit sat sat 坐 dig dug dug 挖 A-B-C 型（现在式、过去式和过去分词都不相同） i 在动词原形后加-n 或-en 构成过去分词。 eat ate eaten 吃 fall fell fallen 落下 steal stole stolen 偷 give gave given 给 freeze froze frozen 冻结 take took taken 拿 see saw seen 看见 wr
10、ite wrote written 写 ride rode ridden 骑 drive drove driven 驾驶 throw threw thrown 抛，扔 blow blew blown 吹 grow grew grown 生长 know knew known 知道 fly flew flown 飞 draw drew drawn 拉，绘画 show showed shown 展示 ii 过去式加-n 或-en 构成过去分词。 speak spoke spoken 说话 break broke broken 破碎，折断 wake waked/ woke waked/ waken 醒
11、 choose chose chosen 选择 forget forgot forgotten 忘记 iii 变单词在重读音节中的元音字母“i”分别为“a” （过去式）和“u” （过去分词） 。 begin began begun 开始 ring rang rung 按铃 sing sang sung 唱 sink sank sunk 沉 swim swam swum 游泳 drink drank drunk 饮 iv 其他不规则动词的变化。 be(am,is) was/ were been 是 be(are) were been 是 do did done 做 go went gone 去
12、lie lay lain 躺 wear wore worn 穿 四、动词现在分词（现在进行时） 注意现在进行时表示正在发生或者存在的状态，标志词: now, right now, at this moment, look, listen, watch out 1 一般情况下,直接在动词后加ing work working sleep sleeping study studying 2 动词以不发音的e 结尾,要去e 加ing take taking make making dance dancing 3 重读闭音节的动词,要双写词尾字母,再加ing cut cutting put puttin
13、g begin beginning 4 以ie 结尾的动词,把变成 y 再加ing lie lying tie tying die dying 五、形容词比较级的构成规则（最高级-er 变-est，more 变 most 即可） 1一般单音节词和少数以-er,-ow 结尾的双音节词,比较级在后面加-er； （1）单音节词 smallsmaller shortshorter talltaller greatgreater （2）双音节词 clevercleverer narrownarrower 2以不发音 e 结尾的单音节词,比较在原级后加-r； largelarger nicenicer ableabler 3在重读闭音节（即：辅音元音辅音）中,先双写末尾的辅音字母,比较级加-er； bigbigger hothotter fatfatter 4以“辅音字母y”结尾的双音节词,把 y 改为 i,比较级加-er； easyeasier heavyheavier busybusier happyhappier 5其他双音节词和多音节词,比较级在前面加 more； beautifulmore beautiful differentmore different easilymore easily
