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1、carried out practice line pioneer standard, and post spurs members concentrated service months, activities, education guide members always everywhere bearing in mind identity, based job post, active play role. To develop differentiated learning education guide party members in accordance with their
2、own situation, target the problems to, based on the work done. Pay attention to the room and room for grass-roots party organizations, grass-roots party organizations have more autonomy in education, making education more ground, full of vitality, good effect. Finally, highlight the normal long-term
3、. To highlight the characteristics of recurrent education, with long flowing, continuous line of perseverance the perseverance to promote educational efforts to realize the partys ideological and political construction of routine institutionalization. With the party branch as the base unit. Play the
4、 role of party branches should be, is the key to educational success. Each branch must take strict education and management responsibility of party members, education based on learning to make specific arrangements, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of party members involved in the education, ensure the
5、 Organization in place, measures in place, put in place. To the party organization as the basic form. In the standardized development of learning, make learning more effective efforts, and will adhere to the good party group, organized party, party members and the General Assembly, tell a good party
6、 lectures, can drive a good topic about, prevent showy without substance, Sham mules. To implement the education management system for basic support. Democratic mutual evaluation on party members in accordance with the regulations, the real performance criteria and order established, sound carefully
7、 dispose of unqualified party members, to further improve the dredge export team, pure self cleaning mechanism. Party leading cadres should adhere to and implement the central group learning system, to which branch of learning exchanges, participation in a dual organization with comrades. Focus on r
8、ecurrent education, you also need to continue to strengthen the building of grass-roots party organizations. Now, the city also has 88 village party organizations are weak and lax, first Secretary of the village, but conversion requires a process. Recently, the citys party organization focused inves
9、tigation, check out a total of lost members 4,507, Pocket members 1037, find there are 640 lost party members are not contacted 148 Pocket party members and implementation of organizational relationships. Educational management of party members into the Organization, there is a lot of work to do. We
10、ak and lax party continued reorganization as an important task, finish perfect organization, with a good team, Good system. Special highlights of grass-roots party organizations, to be dealt with first in place, further education, reorganization, transformation and educational interaction. In short,
11、 through solid and effective work initiatives第二章 GPS测量基础第二章 GPS测量基础2.1 GPS测量使用的数据2.1.1 GPS信号GPS 卫星发射两种频率的载波信号即频率为1575.42MHz 的L1 载波和频率为1227.60HMz的L2 载波。它们的频率分别是基本频率10.23MHz 的154 倍和120 倍。它们的波长分别为19.03cm 和24.42cm。在L1 和L2 上又分别调制着多种信号，这些信号主要有：1 C/A 码C/A 码又被称为粗捕获码，它被调制在L1 载波上，是1MHz 的伪随机噪声码(PRN码)，其码长为1023
12、位，周期为1ms。 由于每颗卫星的C/A 码都不一样，因此我们经常用它们的PRN 号来区分它们。C/A 码是普通用户用以测定测站到卫星间的距离的一种主要的信号。2 P 码（Y 码）P 码又被称为精码。它被调制在L1 和L2 载波上，是10.23MHz 的伪随机噪声码，在实际应用中，P码采用7天的周期，即截取一段周期为7天的P码，并规定每星期六午夜零点使P码置全“1”状态作为起始点。在实施AS 时P 码与W 码进行模二相加生成保密的Y 码，此时一般用户无法利用P 码来进行导航定位。3 导航信息（或称D码）导航信息被调制在L1 载波上，其信号频率为50Hz，包含有GPS 卫星的轨道参数、卫星钟改正
13、数和其它一些系统参数。用户一般需要利用此导航信息来计算某一时刻GPS 卫星在地球轨道上的位置。导航信息也被称为广播星历。综上所述，GPS卫星所发播的信号，包括调制在L载波上的C/A码、P码（或Y码）和导航信息（或称D码）等多种信号分量。而其中的P码和C/A码，统称为测距码。载波具有L1(1575.42MHz)、L2(1227.60MHz)两个频段，调制方式为900调相。GPS系统还将增加L5频段以及L2频段上的C/A码，这里就不作介绍。目前的GPS信号结构大致如图2-1所示：图2-1 GPS卫星发送的信号上述这些信号能被用户接收机全部接收或部分接收，并将其输出，供GPS后处理软件进一步处理。2
14、.1.2 SPS 和PPSGPS 系统针对不同用户提供两种不同类型的服务，一种是标准定位服务(SPSStandard Positioning Service)，另一种是精密定位服务(PPSPrecision Positioning Service)。这两种不同类型的服务分别由两种不同的子系统提供，标准定位服务由标准定位子系统(SPSStandard Positioning System)提供，精密定位服务则由精密定位子系统(PPSPrecision Positioning System)提供。因此，SPS 主要面向全世界的民用用户，而PPS 则主要面向美国及其盟国的军事部门以及民用的特许用户。
15、2.1.3 GPS定位的常用观测值在GPS 定位中经常采用下列观测值中的一种或几种进行数据处理，以确定出待定点的坐标或待定点之间的基线向量：1) L1 载波相位观测值2) L2 载波相位观测值（半波或全波）；3) 调制在L1 上的C/A 码伪距；4) 调制在L1 上的P 码伪距；5) 调制在L2 上的P 码伪距。实际上，在进行GPS 定位时除了大量地使用上面的观测值进行数据处理以外，还经常使用由上面的观测值通过某些组合而形成的一些特殊观测值，如宽巷观测值（Wide-Lane）、窄巷观测值（Narrow-Lane）、消除电离层延迟的观测值（Ion-Free）、消除几何因数的观测值（Geometr
16、y-Free）等来进行数据处理。2.1.4 GPS定位的星历数据和历书数据卫星星历是描述有关卫星运行轨道的信息，并且只包括当前卫星的精确位置，可用来定位。利用GPS进行导航和定位，就是根据已知的卫星轨道信息和用户观测资料，通过数据处理来确定接收机的位置及其载体的航行速度。所以，精确的轨道信息是精密导航和定位的基础。卫星星历的提供方式一般有两种：预报星历（广播星历）和后处理星历（精密星历）。目前，一般的GPS接收机都能对广播星历解码，并将其存储在存储器中。而精密星历通常可以从Internet网上下载，在本课题中编写的软件能处理SP3精密星历格式，SP3精密星历可以从IGS(International GPS Service)的网址igscb.jpl.nasa.gov上下载。卫星的历书同样描述有关卫星运行轨道的信息，只是其精度较低，并包括全部卫星的信息，可用于卫星预报。接收机需收集完12.5分钟的导航电文才能获得一组完整的历
