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1、书面表达 之 议论文,议论文又叫说理文，是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非，以确定其观点正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。 近几年的高考书面表达中，其主要命题形式是以表格式和提纲式来呈现写作材料的。,论点，论据和论证是议论文的三要素，论点是作者对所论问题所持的见解和主张；论据是用来证明论点的事实和道理的根据；论证就是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。一般来说，议论文每段应有主题句（topic sentence）来确定论点。文章结尾往往提出自己的看法、意见或建议，表示对某一现象或论点的赞成或反对。论证有立论和驳论两种，作者证明自己的论点正确，是立论；反之
2、，证明别人的论点错误，是驳论。,议论文的注意事项： 1. 论点要鲜明，不可含糊其辞；论据要充分，要能充分证明观点的命题性，论据过程要条理清晰。 2. 文章安排逻辑性要强，推理要严密。 3. 重在说理，以理服人。 4. 主要使用现在时态。 5. 中学英语书面表达所要求的议论文，是一种限定性的写作，其论点、论据和论证都比较明确，有的文章提出问题，如：为什么？/怎么办？/该采取什么措施？考生可以结合题目要求阐述相关的观点，切忌随意发挥。,同学们在写议论文时不妨采用下面的方法来试一试。 一、 结构上采用三或四段式，显得简明晰。 首段先写主题，然后第二部分写正方或支持方及反方或反对方的观点，尾段写自己的
3、看法或意见，段落一定要清晰。 二、套话先行。 套话先行可以起到先声夺人的效果。这既能迅速博得阅卷老师的好感，又能避免过早出现无谓的错误。,1.首段通常为 1) Many nations/college students have been faced with the problem of 2) Recently the problem has been brought into focus. 3) Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic. 4) Recently the issue has aroused great concern
4、 among 5) Nowadays there is a growing concern over ,6) Never in our history has the idea that been so popular. 7) Faced with , quite a few people argue that 8) According to a recent survey, 9) With the rapid development of economy/ society, 10) Recently we held (have hold) a discussion whether. 11)
5、When it comes to, (当说到),2. 第二段首句通常可以这样写： As is known to allplay(s) an important part/ role in our daily life/modern society. However, different people have different opinions(背熟此句，想错都难) Some people/The majority of the students think it (is) a good idea/important/useful/convenient for somebody（根据题意改人
6、称）to do Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true,列举观点 Obviously has both advantages and disadvantages. ./ However, just as every coin has two sides, has its disadvantages 如果是两个论据，可以采用下列模式： on one hand+1+on the other hand 2. 或is one thingis another 如果是三个以上的论据，则可以简单采用以下模式： Firstly,/to begi
7、n with+Secondly/furthermore,Finally/last but not the least, 注意：表明各方观点时常用一般现在时态。,3. 结论陈述自己观点 There is probably some truth in both argumentsstatements, but As far as Im concerned /Personally/As for me/in my opinion/Personally speaking(尽量避免使用I think). 总结全文时常用到 in one/a word, generally speaking, to conc
8、lude。,若提出解决办法时却常用下一句型：1) From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that 2) It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop 3) We should take measures to 4) Wed better take effective measures to prevent 5) The government decided to take strong measures against ,6) Urgent
9、measures should be taken to prevent. 7) It is necessary that steps should be taken to 8) In conclusion, it is imperative that 9) There is no easy method, but might be of some help. 10) To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must 11) In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, m
10、ore problems will crop up.,12) With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly. 13) We might do more than identify the cause it is important to take actions to 14) Taking all these into account, we 15) Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certa
11、in/clear,问题解决型 - 对某一问题/话题进行分析,找出解决办法, 表达自己的看法 第一段： Nowadays, we have to face a problem that (问题) /Nowadays, more and more people are concerned about the problem(问题) /It is important for us to(问题).,黄金模板,For instance_(例一) First, _(原因一). Moreover, _(例二) Second, _(原因二) 第二段：People have figured out many w
12、ays to solve the problem / Confronted with(问题) we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation Firstly，_(解决方法一) Secondly，_(解决方法二),第三段： 1) Personally, I believe that_(我的方 法) /To me, I am taking two ways to solve the problem of(问题) One of them is _(我的方法) The other way is _(方法二
13、) By now ways have been working perfectly and efficiently(结果) 2) In conclusion/In a word/To sum up/ In summary/Obviously/Its clear that/Its no doubt that,对比选择型-不同观点对比-列举理由-然后自己的观点 第一段； Some people tend to think that _ (观点一) They point out that _ (理由一) Additionally, _(理由二) A case in point is _(举例) Th
14、erefore_(小结),第二段： On the contrary, other people hold the view That _ (观点二) They argue that _(理由一) Whats more _(理由二) As an illustration, _(举例) Accordingly, _(小结),第三段： As far as I am concerned, (I think) _ _(我的观点) The reason is that _(理由一) And also，_ (理由二) So，_ (总结自己的观点),说明利弊型-某观点/某件事/某现象有利(列举好处),也有弊(
15、列举弊端), 应如何正确对待 第一段； 某观点/某件事/某现象有利(列举好处) Whenever we hear people say that _(主题)well instantly have the idea that it is a goodbad thing for_(某人) Indeed, _ (主题)have advantages to _(某人) We can take_(举例) as an example It will benefit_(好处一) In addition_(好处二),第二段：也有弊(列举弊端) In the mean time，we must realize those disadvantages of _ (主题) First of all, _
