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1、Communication Across Cultures,Lecture 1,2,Sharing Knowledge: Compliment Responses,The way Chinese people respond (little experiment),The way English- speaking people respond,Polite & Humble Varied & Direct,3,Brainstorming,What is culture? Is culture learned or innate? Is culture visible or invisible
2、? Is culture dynamic or static? What are the forces that shape the culture?,4,What is culture?,A group thing Learned gradually from ancestors, parents, teachers, media, etc. Common sense pattern of everyday life Folkways, mores, laws, habits, customs, etiquette, fashions, etc. Taken for granted, not
3、 thought of deeply Not right or wrong it just is,5,What Is Culture?,Culture may be defined as what society does and thinks. - Sapir, 1921 A culture is a collection of beliefs, habits, living patterns, and behaviors which are held more or less in common by people who occupy particular geographic area
4、s. - D. Brown, 1978 The culture of every society is unique, containing combinations of norms and values that are found nowhere else. - I. Robertson, 1981,6,A culture can also be understood as a particular way to satisfy our human needs. (Abraham Maslow),What Is Culture?,7,Religion,Political Philosop
5、hy,Social Structure,Language,Economic Philosophy,Education,Culture: Norms & Value Systems,The Determinants of Culture,8,An Activity - Time Capsule,Imagine you are going to prepare a time capsule that will not be opened for 100 years. You want to show people in the next century what your culture is l
6、ike. What things would you put in it?,9,Time Capsule,Can you touch these things? Items like these appear on the surface of our cultures. But, also many things which describe our culture that we cannot see. This difference is very important when we study ICC. All governed by the patterns of culture L
7、anguage habits, friendships, food & eating habits, social acts, economic and political activities, religion, clothing, art, music, sports, festivals, etc.,10,Culture is like an Iceberg,Part of an iceberg is above the water and part is below the water. Surface culture: part we can see visible and tan
8、gible Deep culture: part we cant see hidden and not tangible,11,tip of the iceberg,12,explicit,tacit,1/9,8/9,Artifacts,Values and Beliefs,Underlying Assumptions,9/10,1/10,tacit,explicit,13,14,Misinterpretations at Various Levels,At the level of understanding or perception At the level of ideas and v
9、alues At the level of feelings,15,Cultural Filters & Perceptions,Information and impressions from reality Cultural filter (my coloured glasses) My perception / personal evaluation of reality,16,17,18,19,20,21,Misinterpretations at Various Levels,Homework Check Reading I (p.4-8) What characterizes fr
10、iendship in America? How is “individualism” understood in different cultures? What does “individualism” usually mean in our culture? Case study 1 (p.8-11) How does Egyptian value their human-relationship? How about the Japanese people? Explain the difference between “Help yourself!” and “Be my guest
11、!”,22,Cultural Assumptions: U.S.,Punctuality is essential Meetings must be attended on time Lateness as sign of disrespect Deadlines are strictly adhered to Emphasis on best results in shortest time “Time is money” Business relationships kept separate from personal relationships,23,Cultural Assumpti
12、ons: China,Punctuality is essential However, negotiations may be unhurried “5000 years of history” Establish personal relationship before entering business relationship May not discuss business at all during first meeting Chinese will not deal with people they dont know and trust Build guanxi first,
13、24,Cultural Assumptions: Japan,Punctuality is essential Arriving 5 minutes early considered polite Negotiations may be unhurried This practice changing due to intense competition Brief personal calls for arranging appointments More effective than phone calls Good manners, helps build personal relati
14、onship,25,Relationships: U.S.,Emphasis on personal competence and individual performance Little time spent on cultivating social relationships Forming company relationships more important Goal is to secure the best deal Highly competitive workplace,26,Relationships: China,Long-term relationships mor
15、e valuable than short-term deals. Emphasis on trust, based on beneficial relationship. Collectivist way of thinking strongly influences negotiation process.,27,Relationships: Japan,Great respect traditionally shown to older members of organization. Strong connection between age and rank. Educational
16、 background and ability becoming more important Personal space highly valued Other than handshake, no physical contact displayed in public,28,An old lady from Taiwan went to Holland to visit her son and daughter-in-law, who came from U.S. On the morning of the next day after her arrival, she happened to overhear the conversation between this couple, in which the wife asked, “How long is Mom planning to stay here?” What do you think this vi
