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1、A Guide to English-Speaking Countries,英语国家概况,The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,Chapter 2 History,The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,英语国家概况,The Rise and Fall of the British Empire,Transition to the Modern Age,II,III,CONTENT,The Founding of the Nation,I,1.1
2、 Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxons,1.1.1 Prehistoric Period (history undocumented) 9,000 years ago part of E-Continent about 3,100 BC the native Neolithic people (Stonehenge),Stonehenge It is the most famous prehistoric monument in Britain and is situated on Salisbury Plain in the county of Wiltshire.
3、People began building Stonehenge about 5,100 years ago, dragging each stone into place.,Stonehenge and its Statue,1.1 Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxons,The name of BritainBritons Tribal society Celtic Language (Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh),1.1.2 Celtic Britain (8th-5th Century BC),First invasi
4、onIn August 55 BC, Julius Caesar invaded Britain SecondCaesars second raid in 54 BC Third and finalIn 43 AD, Emperor Claudius, final and successful Roman invasion of Britain LeftGermanic barbarians attacked Rome, forcing all Roman troops to leave Britain, and thus ending the Roman occupation of the
5、island.,1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD-5th Century),Julius Caesar (Gaius Julius Caesar, 恺撒大帝, 100 BC-44 BC) Changed the course of the history of the Greco-Roman world decisively and irreversibly. Launched a series of political and social reforms. Assassinated by a group of nobles.,1.1.3 Roman Britain (4
6、3 AD-5th Century),Julius Caesar,Capable administrators & good builders (towns and cities & roads) Building of London River Thames “London Bridge” Building of roads,1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD-5th Century),1.1.4 The Anglo-Saxon Invasion (5th-8th Century),Germanic people (the Jutes from Jutland, Angles
7、 from South of Denmark and Saxons from Germany) English (language of the Angles) dominant language Roman Christianity St. Augustine brings Christianity to Britain from Rome and becomes Archbishop of Canterbury,St. Augustine (圣奥古斯丁, ？-604/605) First archbishop of Canterbury and the apostle (传道者) of E
8、ngland, who founded the Christian church in southern England. Pope Gregory the Great chose him in 595 to lead a mission, usually known as the Gregorian mission, to Britain to Christianize the Kingdom of Kent. Converted many Anglo-Saxons to Roman Christianity.,1.1.4 The Anglo-Saxon Invasion (5th-8th
9、Century),1.1.5 Danish Invasion (8th Century-1066),the Vikings (from the Scandinavian countries: Norway, Denmark and Sweden) Alfred the Great: king of Wessex Peace Treaty: The eastern half of the island was to be subject to the Danish law known as the Danelaw. From 1016 to 1042, under the rule of Dan
10、ish kings In 1042, the English throne was returned to the Anglo-Saxons.,Alfred the Great (阿尔弗雷德大帝, 871-899) He prevented England from falling to the Danes and promoted learning and literacy. Compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle began during his reign, c. 890.,1.1.5 Danish Invasion (8th Century-1
11、066),Alfred the Great,Westminster Abbey, an architectural masterpiece of the 13th to 16th centuries.,1.1.5 Danish Invasion (8th Century-1066),In 1066, Edward chose Harold of Wessex to be King in his place. Duke William, often referred to as William the Conquer, challenged Harolds succession, won the
12、 Battle of Hastings, and was crowned King.,1.1.6 The Norman Conquest,Norman Cavalier,William the Conquer,Norman Conquest (诺曼征服) The military conquest of England by William, duke of Normandy. It is primarily effected by his decisive victory at the Battle of Hastings (Oct. 14, 1066) and results ultima
13、tely in profound political, administrative, and social changes in the British Isles.,1.1.6 The Norman Conquest,Immediately after Christmas 1066, William started building the Tower of London, the great fortress which demonstrated his power and dominated the city of London.,1.1.6 The Norman Conquest,H
14、ouse of Anjou (安茹王朝, 1154-1485) 14 kings Also known as the House of Plantagenet (金雀花王朝) transforming England into one of the most mature kingdoms in Europe Major Events: the Magna Carta (大宪章), Hundred Years War,1.2.1 Great Charter (Magna Carta),1.2.1 Great Charter (Magna Carta),In 1154, Henry II asc
15、ended the throne. Henry II reformed the courts and the laws: introduced the jury system (陪审团制度) institutionalized common law John ascended the throne in 1199. He demanded feudal taxes and army service. He was forced to sign the Magna Carta (大宪章).,The Magna Carta A charter originally issued in Latin
16、in the year 1215. The charter first passed into law in 1225; the 1297 version, with the long title (originally in Latin) “The Great Charter of the Liberties of England, and of the Liberties of the Forest,“ still remains on the statute books of England and Wales. Contained 63 clauses. Significance townspeoplefreedom of trade and self-government merchants and craftsmenfor the first time as a new political force part of the British Constitution today,1.2.1 Great
