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1、Chapter 3,3.1 What is Morpheme? 什么是语素？,3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology 语素和形态学 3.1.2 Types of Morphemes 语素的类型 3.1.3 Morphological change and Allomorph 形态学的变化和词素变体,We saw that some words can be analyzed into smaller components. Ex. chairman chair, man townhall town, hall boys boy, -s checking check,- in
2、g disappointment dis- ,appoint , -ment,1 、Morphemes 语素,Definition: The smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning. 语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步划分为更小的单位而不破坏或
3、彻底改变其词汇意义或语法意义。 such as: chair , dog , cup and so on.,2. Morphology 形态学,Morphology: The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics.形态学是语言学的一个分支。 It studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.它研究词的内部结构和构造规则。,E.G. purify pur(e) , -ify amplify(放大) simp
4、lify(简单化) electrify(充电) falsify(伪造) A new verb can be created by adding -ify to an adjective.,3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology 语素和形态学 3.1.2 Types of Morphemes 语素的类型 3.1.3 Morphological change and Allomorph 形态学的变化和词素变体,1 、 Free morpheme and Bound morpheme 自由语素和黏着语素 A. Freemorphemes: Those that may occur
5、 alone, those which may make up words by themselves.(可以单独出现，独自构成单词。) E.g. dog, nation, close mono-morphemic words（单语素词）. All mono-morphemic words are free morphemes.,Compounds（复合词）:there are poly morphemic words(多语素词),which consist wholly of free morphemes. e.g. paymaster, moonwalk, babysit, godfath
6、er, sunflower.,B. Bound morphemes(黏着语素): They cannot occur alone. (不能单独出现) They must appear with at least one different morpheme.（至少有一个不同的语素） e.g. dogs, national, disclose. distempered dis temper -ed bound morphemes free morphemes,2.Root, affix and stem 词根，词缀，词干,Root（词根）: the base form of a word tha
7、t cannot be further analyzed without destroying its meaning,that is to say,it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed. (词根是构成词的基础成分，不能再作进一步分析而不破坏其意义。也就是说，把一个词的所有词缀去掉之后的部分就是词根。) eg: friend as in unfriendliness. All words contain a root morpheme. 所有的词都至少包含一个词根词素。 Roots m
8、ay be Free（自由语素）: those that can stand by themselves, eg: black in blackboard, blackbird; Bound（黏着语素）: those that cannot stand by themselves eg: -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.,B. Affix（词缀）: is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme（the
9、 root or stem).词缀是那些只能附着于另一个词素（词根或词干）上的一类语素的总称。 Normally divided into: prefix (dis-, un-)前缀 dislike undo suffix (-ize, -tion)后缀 colonize revolution Infix （-ee-） 中缀 feet,A word,root,prefix,suffix,determine,The meaning of a word,change,The meaning of a word,determine,The characteristic of a word,C. St
10、em 词干 any morpheme or combination of morpheme to which an inflectional affix can be added. 词干是指能够附加上屈折词缀的语素或语素组合,friends,friend,friendships,friendship,请看课本54图,3 、Inflectional affix and derivational affix 屈折词缀和派生词缀,A.Inflectional affixes very often only add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to
11、 the stem.屈折词缀常常在词干后面添加一个微小的或微妙的语法意义。例如：toys,walks,Jonhs, Derivational affixes often change the lexical meaning.派生词缀常常改变词汇意义. BInflectional affixes do not change the Word class they attach to.屈折词缀不改变词类。 Derivational affixes might change the word class派生词缀可能改变词类,C.Inflectional affixes are conditioned
12、 by Nonsemantic linguistic factors outside the word they attach to but within the phrase or sentence.屈折词缀受到的限制是非语义性的语言因素，这一因素在它们所依附的词以外，但是在短语或句子之内。 Eg. The boy likes to Likes就是由句子的主语决定的。 Derivational affixes are more often based on simple meaning distinctions.派生词缀更多是根据简单的意义区别。 例如，clever和cleverness之间
13、的选择依赖于我们要谈论性质“clever”还是要谈论处于聪明的状态“cleverness” D.Inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes.屈折词缀绝大部分是后缀。如：drums, walks, Marys Derivational affixes can be prefixes or suffixes.派生词缀可以是前缀也可以是后缀。E.g. depart, online, teacher, workable,3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology 语素和形态学 3.1.2 Types of Morphemes 语素的类型 3.1.3
14、 Morphological change and Allomorph 形态学的变化和词素变体,Allomorph,An allomorph(词素变体) is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.同一语素在不同环境中出现时的不同表现形式。,Allomorphs in prefixes,morpheme negative morpheme in- morph1: im morph2: ir morph3: il impossible irregular ille
15、gal A morpheme may take various shapes or forms.,allomorphs,Allomorphs in suffix,morpheme noun morpheme -ion morph1: tion morph2: ation morph3: sion description modernization decision describe modernize decide -ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the positional variants of the same suffix.,allomorphs,Other instances are such as the variation of plural forms（复数形式） of nouns: e.g. s, -es, -en, -ee-, and so on cat dog horse,s,z,iz,morpheme,morph,morph,morph,allomorphs,PLURAL,Morphological change 形态变化,研究当代词汇与古词汇的不同 inflectional changes in affix 屈折词缀的不同 e.g. 第三人称单数做主语一般现在时动词形式 ancient form present form
