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1、Ernest Hemingway,1899-1961,He started his career as a writer in a newspaper office at the age of seventeen. After the United States entered the First World War, he joined a volunteer ambulance unit in the Italian army. Serving at the front, he was wounded, was decorated by the Italian Government, an
2、d spent considerable time in hospitals. After his return to the United States, he became a reporter for Canadian and American newspapers and was soon sent back to Europe to cover such events as the Greek Revolution.,In Europe in the 1920s , Ernest learned from avant-garde writers like Gertrude Stein
3、 and Ezra Pound their literary spareness and compression.,Hemingway in Italy,During the twenties, He became a member of the group of expatriate Americans in Paris, which he described in his first novel, The Sun Also Rises (1926). Hemingway used his experiences as a reporter during the civil war in S
4、pain as the background for his most ambitious novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940). Among his later works, the most outstanding is the short novel, The Old Man and the Sea (1952), the story of an old fishermans journey, his long and lonely struggle with a fish and the sea, and his victory in defeat
5、.,Hemingway - himself a great sportsman - liked to portray soldiers, hunters, bullfighters - tough, at times primitive people whose courage and honesty are set against the brutal ways of modern society, and who in this confrontation lose hope and faith. His straightforward prose, his spare dialogue,
6、 and his predilection for understatement are particularly effective in his short stories, some of which are collected in Men Without Women (1927) and The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories (1938).,Main works,The Sun Also Rises (1926) A Farewell to Arms (1929) For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940
7、) The Old Man and the Sea (1952),Ernest Hemingway Home, Key West, Florida 恩斯特海明威與美國作家珍妮福藍那在法國巴黎的合影,Lost Generation,Group of U.S. writers who came of age during World War I and established their reputations in the 1920s; more broadly, the entire post World War I American generation. The term was coin
8、ed by Gertrude Stein in a remark to Ernest Hemingway. The writers considered themselves “lost“ because their inherited values could not operate in the postwar world and they felt spiritually alienated from a country they considered hopelessly provincial and emotionally barren. The term embraces Hemi
9、ngway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, E.E. Cummings, Archibald MacLeish, and Hart Crane, among others.,“Lost” Generation,World War I seemed to have destroyed the idea that if you acted virtuously, good things would happen. Many good, young men went to war and died, or returned home either phy
10、sically or mentally wounded (for most, both), and their faith in the moral guideposts that had earlier given them hope, were no longer valid.they were “Lost.“,These literary figures also criticized American culture in creative fictional stories which had the themes of self-exile, indulgence (care-fr
11、ee living) and spiritual alienation. For example, Fitzgeralds This Side of Paradise shows the young generation of the 1920s masking their general depression behind the forced exuberance of the Jazz Age. Another of Fitzgeralds novels, The Great Gatsby does the same where the illusion of happiness hid
12、es a sad loneliness for the main characters.,Who are involved in the Lost Generation?,Ernest Hemingway F. Scott Fitzgerald John Dos Passos Gertrude Stein T. S. Eliot Ezra Pound,Two Types of Hemingways Characters,One of the foremost authors of the era between the two world wars, Hemingway in his earl
13、y works depicted the lives of two types of people. One type consisted of men and women deprived, by World War I, of faith in the moral values in which they had believed, and who lived with cynical disregard for anything but their own emotional needs. The other type were men of simple character and p
14、rimitive emotions, such as prizefighters and bullfighters.,Hemingways Style,Hemingways novels pioneered a new style of writing which many generations after tried to imitate. Hemingway did away with the florid prose of the 19th century Victorian era and replaced it with a lean, clear prose based on a
15、ction. H also employed a technique by which he left out essential information of the story in the belief that omission can sometimes strengthen the plot of the novel. The novels produced by the writers of the Lost Generation give insight to the lifestyles that people lead during the 1920s in America
16、, and the literary works of these writers were innovative for their time and have influenced many future generations in their styles of writing.,Writing Style,Journalistic, lean, simple, short sentences; hardly any adjectives Principle of iceberg(7/8 under for every 1/8 showing)forces readers to “read between the lines”; also called “hard-boiled” style Critical acclaim-Nobel Prize in 1954,Writing Style,Literary techniques Flashback Vivid imagery Unique symbolism,Unique Symbolism,Li
