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1、Power Electronics,Chapter 5 DC to DC Converters (Choppers),Outline,5.1 Basic DC to DC converters 5.2 Composite DC/DC converters and connection of multiple DC/DC converters 5.3 Isolated DC to DC converters (Indirect DC to DC converters ),5.1 Basic DC to DC converters,5.1.1 Buck converter (Step-down c
2、onverter) 5.1.2 Boost converter (Step-up converter) 5.1.3 Buck-Boost converter (Step-down/step- up converter) and Cuk converter 5.1.4 Sepic converter and Zeta converter,5.1 Basic DC to DC converters,IntroductionBuck converter,SPDT switch changes dc component,Switch output voltage waveform,Duty cycle
3、 D: 0 D 1,complement D: D = 1 - D,Dc component of switch output voltage,Fourier analysis: Dc component = average value,Insertion of low-pass filter to remove switching harmonics and pass only dc component,Basic operation principle of buck converter,Buck converter with ideal switch,Realization using
4、power MOSFET and diode,Thought process in analyzing basic DC/DC converters,Basic operation principle (qualitative analysis) How does current flow during different switching states How is energy transferred during different switching states Verification of small ripple approximation Derivation of ind
5、uctor voltage waveform during different switching states Quantitative analysis according to inductor volt-second balance or capacitor charge balance,Actual output voltage waveform of buck converter,Buck converter containing practical low-pass filter,Actual output voltage waveform,v(t) = V + vripple(
6、t),The small ripple approximation,v(t) = V + vripple(t),In a well-designed converter, the output voltage ripple is small. Hence, the waveforms can be easily determined by ignoring the ripple:,Buck converter analysis: inductor current waveform,Inductor voltage and current subinterval 1: switch in pos
7、ition 1,Inductor voltage and current subinterval 2: switch in position 2,Inductor voltage and current waveforms,Determination of inductor current ripple magnitude,Inductor current waveform during start-up transient,The principle of inductor volt-second balance: Derivation,Inductor volt-second balanc
8、e: Buck converter example,The principle of capacitor charge balance: Derivation,Boost converter example,Boost converter analysis,Subinterval 1: switch in position 1,Subinterval 2: switch in position 2,Inductor voltage and capacitor current waveforms,Inductor volt-second balance,Conversion ratio M(D)
9、 of the boost converter,Determination of inductor current dc component,Continuous-Conduction-Mode (CCM) and Discontinuous-Conduction-Mode (DCM) of buck,Power,Electronics,28,Continuous-Conduction-Mode (CCM) and Discontinuous-Conduction-Mode (DCM) of boost,29,Power,Electronics,5.2 Composite DC/DC conv
10、erters and connection of multiple DC/DC converters,5.2.1 A current-reversible chopper 5.2.2 Bridge chopper (H-bridge DC/DC converter) 5.2.3 Multi-phase multi-channel DC/DC converters,5.2.1 A current reversible chopper,31,Power,Electronics,Can be considered as a combination of a Buck and a Boost Can
11、realize two-quadrant ( I & II) operation of DC motor: forward motoring, forward braking,Bridge chopper (H-bridge chopper),Can be considered as the combination of two current-reversible choppers. Can realize 4-quadrant operation of DC motor.,Multi-phase multi-channel DC/DC converter,Current output ca
12、pability is increased due to multi-channel paralleling. Ripple in the output voltage and current is reduced due to multi- channel paralleling. Ripple in the input current is reduced due to multi-phase paralleling.,5.3 Isolated DC to DC converters (Indirect DC to DC converters ),Reasons to use indire
13、ct DC to DC structure Necessary isolation between input and output In some cases isolated multiple outputs are needed The ratio of input and output voltage is far away from 1 Power semiconductor devices usually used Inverter part: Power MOSFETs, IGBTs Rectifier part: Fast recovery diodes, Schottky d
14、iodes, Synchronous rectifiers,Classification of isolated DC to DC converters,Isolated DC to DC converters,Single-ended converters Forward converter Flyback converter,Double-ended converters Half bridge Push-pull Full bridge,According to whether transformer current is uni-direction or bi-directional,
15、5.3.1 Forward converter,Simple, low cost Uni-polar transformer current, low power applications,5.3.2 Flyback converter,Simple, low cost Uni-polar transformer current, low power applications,5.3.3 Half bridge converter,Cost higher than forward and flyback converter Bi-polar transformer current, up to
16、 several kilowatts,5.3.4 Push-pull converter,Cost higher than forward and flyback converter Center-tapped transformer,5.3.5 Full-bridge converter,Cost is even higher Bi-polar transformer current, up to several hundreds of kilowatts,5.3.6 Rectifier circuits in the isolated DC to DC converters,Full-wave rectifier,Full-bridge rectifier,Synchronous rectifier,5.3.7 Configuration of switching power supply,Linear power supply,42,
