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1、Abstract Writing,Functions of Abstracts,To help readers identify articles of interest To outline the main points of an article To guide the reading of longer documents An important measure for retrieving papers and for promoting the international sic-tech exchange,Types of Technical Abstract,Accordi
2、ng to their functions: 1. Descriptive abstract tells what the full report contains. helps busy readers decide whether they need or want the information in the report enough to read it entirely. e.g. The purpose of this report is to examine the relationship between bacteria and gastritis. Results of
3、a clinical study of the presence of Campylobacter bacilli are reported.,Types of Technical Abstract,2. Evaluative Abstract (book review) To analyze the accuracy, completeness, usefulness, appeal, and readability of a piece of writing. E.g. The article “Take Charge of Your Life” describes four strate
4、gies for turning adversity to advantage. The article is thought provoking, with each strategy described in detail and with examples.,英文摘要的类型,指示性文摘（Indicated Abstracts） 指示型摘要也称为介绍型摘要或陈述型摘要，它只是简要地介绍论文的论题，仅使读者对论文主要内容有一些概括了解。一般那不介绍方法、结果、结论的具体内容，不包含任何数据。它仅指出论文的综合内容，适用于综述性文献，图书介绍及编辑加工过的专著等。,5,英文摘要的类型,Use
5、of Rank Order Distributions for Estimation of Probabilities of Rare Events Abstract: Rank order distributions and the corresponding estimation problem are discussed. Their application to the study of rare events is considered. Examples are given of the application of the simplest of these distributi
6、ons in predicting the occurrence of rare events.,6,英文摘要的类型,Use of Rank Order Distributions for Estimation of Probabilities of Rare Events 摘 要：本文讨论了从大到小的分布以及相应的估值问题，并考虑它们在稀少事件研究中的应用，提供了一些分布的最简单形式在预测稀少事件发生方面的应用实例。,7,Types of Technical Abstract,3. Informative Abstract To inform, to present the principa
7、l facts and conclusions given in the original work. Sic-tech paper abstracts are usually written in this form. E.g. Title: Composing Letters With a Simulated listening Typewriter,信息性文摘（Information Abstracts） （1）目的：主要说明作者写此文章的目的，或说本文主要要解决的问题。 （2）过程及方法：主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法，也包括众多的边界条件，使用的主要设备和仪器。 （3）结果：作
8、者在此工作过程最后得到的结果和结论，如有可能，尽量提一句作者所得结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。,摘要：本实验的目的是要确定一台尚不完善的听写打字机能否用来写信（目的）。实验者口授信函时，有时一字一字口授，有时是连续话语口授。他们口授时，听写打字机便做模拟工作；听写打字机有的能识别有限量词语，有的则能识别无限量词语。（方法） An aim of the experiment is to determine if an imperfect listening typewriter would be useful for composing letters. Participants dictat
9、ed, either in isolated words or in consecutive word speech. This was carried out with stimulations of listening typewriter that recognized either a limited vocabulary or an unlimited vocabulary.,结果表明，即使第一次使用听写打字机，有一些样信的效果就和传统耳听、手写的效果一样好（实验结果）。具有大量词汇的逐词口授将成为可用的听写打字机的依据。 （结论） Results show that some ve
10、rsion, even upon first using them, are at least as good as traditional methods of handwriting and dictating. Isolated word speech with large vocabularies may provide the basis for a useful listening type writer.,Abstract Writing,1. background: introduces the present situation or problems (in present
11、 tense) 2. purpose: (in past tense) 3. method: (in past tense) 4. results: (in past tense) 5. conclusion: give analysis, comparison or application of the results, or raises questions, recommendations or predictions on the basis of the results. (in present tense),E.g. Model Study of Anchored Pavement
12、 1. Roadways constructed of conventional pavement are subject to deformations after prolonged use. 2. The objective of the lab model study of an anchored pavement was to investigate construction problems and to develop specifications for a full-scale test. 3. the study compared 1/20-scale anchored p
13、avement and conventional slabs of similar dimensions. 4.The model test results were compared with results from finite-element analysis. .5. These findings indicate that an anchored slab offers distinct advantages over a conventional slab.,Reduced Abstract,1. purpose and method of the study 2. result
14、s 3. conclusions or/ and recommendations,Guidelines for Informative Abstract,Keeping abstracts concise Using a logical order Avoid descriptive expression Avoiding evaluation Avoiding personal and emotional expression,英文摘要的风格,文体风格（styles） （1）文摘叙述要简明，逻辑性要强； （2）句子结构严谨完整，尽量用短句子； （3）技术术语尽量用工程领域的通用标准； （4）
15、用过去时态叙述作者工作，用现在时态叙述 作者结论； （5）可用动词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式； 如：用“Thickness of plastic sheets was measured”,16,英文摘要的风格,（6）注意冠词用法，分清a是泛指，the是专指；如 “Pressure is a function of temperature”不应是“Pressure is a function of the temperature ” （7）避免使用长系列形容词或名词来修饰名词，可用预置短语分开或用连字符（hyphen）断开名词词组，作为单位形容词（一个形容词）。,17,英文摘要的风格,（8）
16、不使用俚语，外来语表达概念，应用标准英语； （9）尽量用主动语态代替被动语态； 如 “A exceed B” 优于 “B is exceeded by A” （10）语言要简练，但不得使用电报语言；,18,英文摘要的风格,（11）文词要纯朴无华，不用多姿多态的文学性 描述手法； （12）组织好句子，使动词尽量靠近主语； （13）删繁从简；如用 increase 代替 has been found to increase,19,英文摘要的风格,（14）用重要的事实开头，尽量避免用辅助从句开头；例如用：“ Power consumption of telephone switching systems was determined from data obtained experimentally” 而不用 “ From data obtained experimentally，power consumption of telephone switching systems was determined”,20,英文摘要的风格,（15）文摘中涉及他人的工作或研究
