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1、Understanding Cultural Differences,Intercultural Organizational Value Dimensions,Intercultural Organizational Value Dimensions,Hofstede的文化维度理论是由他在全球40多个国家的IBM分支中调查收集的数据分析而成，有很多学者因此质疑其研究结果的客观性，但这并不影响文化维度成为跨文化管理的经典和持续的焦点。 依照他的理论，国家间文化的差异可以被归纳为5个不同的维度，分别为：权力距离(Power Distance), 不确定性规避 (Uncertainty Avoid
2、ance),个人/集体主义(Individualism/ Collectivism), 男性度/女性度(Masculinity-femininity),时间导向性(Time Orientation)。,1,2,3,4,Individualism & Collectivism,The Power Distance Dimension,The Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension,The Masculinity & Femininity Dimension,Cultural Dimensions,Individualism & Collectivism,Individua
3、lism & Collectivism,Individualism Emphasize the importance of individual identity over group identity, individual rights over group rights, and individual needs over group needs.,Collectivism Emphasize the “we” identity over the “I” identity, group rights over individual rights, and in-group-oriente
4、d needs over individual wants and desires.,Individualism & Collectivism,Individualism clarity, directness; meeting personal needs and goals; more “I” than “we”; more independent;,Collectivism indirect communication; concern for others feelings, not hurting others; avoiding negative evaluation; inter
5、dependent and group concerned; in-group harmony and in-group collaborative spirit;,Individualism & Collectivism,Answer the following question: Which country can be classified into the culture of individualism? USA, Australia, Britain, Netherland, Canada, Germany, Chinese Hong Kong, Chinese Taiwan, e
6、tc.,Individualism & Collectivism,Individualism found in most northern and western regions of Europe and in North America.,Collectivism a cultural pattern common in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Central and South America, and the Pacific island.,Individualism & Collectivism,The Power Distance Dimens
7、ion,Power distance is defined as the “extent to which the less powerful members of institutions accept that power is distributed unequally”. Cultures with a high power distance are said to accept inequality as a cultural norm. In other words, these cultures are vertical that is, they are hierarchica
8、l cultures.,The Power Distance Dimension,Small power distance cultures emphasize equal distance; informality; equal rights and relations; equitable rewards and punishments based on performances;,Large power distance cultures accept power distance; formality; hierarchical rights; asymmetrical role re
9、lations; rewards and punishments in terms of age, rank, status, title, and seniority;,The Power Distance Dimension,The Power Distance Dimension,Small power distance cultures USA; Canada; Germany; Austria; Denmark; Israel; Republic of Ireland;,Large power distance cultures Singapore; Western African
10、countries; India; Malaysia; Philippines; Arab countries;,The Power Distance Dimension,The Power Distance Dimension,The Power Distance Dimension,OO QQ,The Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension,Uncertainty avoidance refers to the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain and unkn
11、own situations and the extent to which they try to avoid these situations.,The Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension,Weak uncertainty avoidance cultures Singapore; USA; Canada; Denmark; Australia; Norway; Jamaica;,Strong uncertainty avoidance cultures Japan; South Korea; Greece; France; Spain; Portugal;,T
12、he Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension,Weak uncertainty avoidance cultures Uncertainty is valued; Encourage risk taking; Expect innovation; Conflict can be positive; Career change;,Strong uncertainty avoidance cultures Uncertainty is a threat; Prefer clear procedures and guidelines; Career stability; Co
13、nflict is negative; Formal structures and rules;,The Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension,The Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension,The Masculinity and Femininity Dimension,Masculinity pertains to “societies in which social gender roles are clearly distinct (namely, men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and
14、 focus on material success whereas women are supposed to be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life )”.,The Masculinity and Femininity Dimension,Femininity pertains to “societies in which social gender roles overlap (i.e. both men and women are supposed to be modest, tender, and
15、concerned with the quality of life)”.,The Masculinity and Femininity Dimension,“Feminine” cultures Flexible sex roles; Emphasize nurturance; Quality of work life; Work in order to live; Environmental issues;,“Masculine” cultures Complementary sex roles; Emphasize achievements; Economic growth; Live in order to work; Business performances;,The Masculinity and Femininity Dimension,“Feminine” cultures Sweden Norway The Netherland Denmark Chile Thailand,“Masculine” cultures Japan Austria Venezuela Italy Mexico Britain Germany,
