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1、Computer English,Chapter 7 Programming Languages,计算机专业英语,7-2,Key points: useful terms and definitions of programming languages Difficult points: describing the differences between compilers and interpreters,计算机专业英语,7-3,Requirements:,1. The origins of the programming languages,2. The concepts of comp
2、uter compilers,3. Main properties of object-orientation,4. 了解UML，掌握复杂定语从句的翻译技巧,计算机专业英语,7-4,New Words & Expressions: evolution n. 发展，演变 primitive 原始的， appropriating 适当的 interpreter 解释程序 compiler 编译器 intermediary 中间的 invoke 调用 premium 额外费用，奖金 cryptic 秘密(含义模糊)的 esoteric 深奥的 prompt n.提示符,7.1 Computer La
3、nguages,Abbreviations:,计算机专业英语,7-5,Computer languages have undergone dramatic evolution since the first electronic computers were built to assist in telemetry calculations during World War . Early on, programmers worked with the most primitive computer instructions: machine language. These instructi
4、ons were represented by long strings of ones and zeros. Soon, assemblers were invented to map machine instructions to human-readable and manageable mnemonics, such as ADD and MOV. 自从第一代电子计算机在第二次世界大战中用于自动计算以来，计算机语言已发生了巨大的变化。早期编程员使用最原始的计算机指令机器语言来工作。这些指令由一长串的0、1组成。不久，发明了汇编程序，它能将机器指令转换成易读、易管理的助记符，如ADD、M
5、OV等。,7.1 Computer Languages,计算机专业英语,7-6,7.1 Computer Languages,In time, higher-level languages evolved 1, such as BASIC and COBOL. These languages let people work with something appropriating words and sentences. Such as Let I=100. These instructions were translated back into machine language by int
6、erpreters and compilers. An interpreter translates a program as it reads it, turning the program instructions, or code, directly into actions. A compiler translates the code into an intermediary form. This step is called compiling, and produces an object file. The compiler then invokes a linker, whi
7、ch turns the object file into an executable program. 随后，又推出了高级语言，如BASIC和COBOL.。这些语言使用的是近似于人常用的词句，如Let I=100。这些指令由解释器或编译器翻译成机器语言。解释器边读边翻译，将程序指令或代码直接实现。编译器把代码翻译成中间代码。这一部叫做编译，然后生成目标文件。编译程序调用链接程序，链接程序将目标代码转变成可执行程序。,计算机专业英语,7-7,Ironically, in order to become easier to use for this new audience, programs
8、have become far more sophisticated. Gone are the days when users typed in cryptic commands at esoteric prompts, only to see a stream of raw data. Todays programs use sophisticated “user-friendly interfaces,” involving multiple windows, menus, dialog boxes with which weve all become familiar. The pro
9、grams written to support this new approach are far more complex than those written just ten years ago. 为使程序更易于被新用户使用，程序本身反而变得越来越复杂。用户需在抽象的提示符下键入难于理解的命令，只能看到一串原始数据的时代已经一去不复返了。如今，程序使用了复杂的“友好用户界面”，包含我们已很熟悉的多窗口、菜单、对话框。支持这些新方法的程序比十年前复杂得多。,7.1 Computer Languages,计算机专业英语,7-8,New Words & Expressions: object
10、-oriented 面向对象的 ongoing adj. 正在进行中的 crisis n. 危机 exploit v. 开发，使用 raw adj. 天然的，原始的 medium n. 媒介，方法 match 相称，匹配 discrete adj. 单个的，离散的 transistor n. 晶体管 resistor n. 电阻 capacitor n. 电容 integration 集成电路 abstraction n. 抽象化 class n. 类 inheritance n. 继承 encapsulation n. 封装 polymorphism n. 多型 entity n. 实例，实
11、体,7.2 Object-Oriented Programming,Abbreviations : OOP ( Object-Oriented Programming) 面向对象的编程技术 IC (integrated circuits) 集成电路 LSI（large-scale integration） 大规模集成电路 VLSI（very large-scale integration） 超大规模集成电路,计算机专业英语,7-9,7.2 Object-Oriented Programming,Ever since computers became available in the 1950s
12、, it has been software that exploited its power to solve application problems 2. Machine code, capable of driving the raw hardware, was the first language available to programmers. Sequences of code statements were the earliest form of software. It was soon recognized that the communication medium b
13、etween programmer and computer is a critical factor in the programming productivity and quality of the overall software product. 自从50年代计算机开始进入实用阶段以来，软件就在解决应用问题的能力方面崭露头角。控制基本硬件的机器代码是程序员使用的第一种语言。顺序代码语句是软件的最早形式。人们很快就认识到，编程效率和整个软件产品质量的关键因素是程序员和计算机之间的通信手段。,计算机专业英语,7-10,7.2 Object-Oriented Programming,Whi
14、le computers, the hardware, underwent revolution after revolution, using faster and ever more powerful components, the software technology has significantly lagged behind in matching these advances. Hardware technology has been revolutionized several times: from tubes to discrete transistors, resist
15、ors and capacitors to board-level integration to integrated circuits. Even integrated circuits have undergone several significant evolutionary steps: from large-scale integration (LSI) technology to very large scale integration (VLSI), and eventually wafer scale integration. Hardware engineering was
16、 able to keep up with this pace by developing new techniques to manage the exploding complexity of a modern computer system. 当计算机硬件由于使用速度更快、功能更强的器件而不断更新换代的时候，软件技术则大大滞后，与硬件的发展不相匹配。硬件技术已经历了几次革命：从电子管到单个晶体管、电阻和电容器元件，到板级集成电路，到整个集成电路。即使是集成电路也经历了几次重大的演变：从大规模集成电路(LSI)技术到超大规模集成电路(VLSI)，并且又发展了晶片上大规模集成技术。硬件工程能够保持这种发展势头，是因为新技术的发展可以对付现代计算机系统与日俱增的复杂性。,计算机专
