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1、Amplification & Omission,Basic Translation Skills,基本翻译技巧之 增 词&减 词,Amplification,Omission,Translation of Letters,Exercises,Amplification,增词法,How to translate the “wash”?,Mary washes before meals. Mary washes after getting up. Mary washes for a living. Mary washes in a restaurant.,Amplification 增译法,定义
2、：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。,1. supplying words omitted in the original,Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. The best conductor(导体) has the least resistance (电阻) and the poorest the greatest.,物质可以转化为能量，能量也可以转化为物质。,最好的导体电阻最小，最差的导体电阻最大。,EC transl
3、ation,Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. Its better to be wise by the defeat of others than to be wise by the defeat of your own. 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。 The fox may grow old, but never good. 狐狸会变老，永远难变好。 江山易改本性难移。,2. Supplying necessary connectives,Heated, water will change
4、 into vapor. 水如受热，就会汽化。 Theory is something but practice is everything. 理论固然重要，但实践尤其重要。 The strongest spring leads to fatigue failure caused by excessive high stress. 即使是强度最大的弹簧，也会因为压力过大而导致疲劳损坏。,3. Supplying words to convey the concept of plurality,The very earth trembled as with the tramps(践踏) of h
5、orses and murmur of angry men. 连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。 I have left the marks of my nails in his impudent face. 我在他那张厚脸皮上留下了五道指印。,The virus may survive weeks and months. 这种病毒可存活数星期乃至数月。 The lion is the king of animals. 狮是百兽之王。 There are friends and friends. 朋友有各种各样，有益友，有损友。,Practice:,4. Supplying words
6、to make an abstract concept clear,英语中的一些抽象名词在特定的上下文中的含义是具体的而并非是抽象的。 As a boy, he was the despair of all his teachers. 句中的despair的固有含义之一是：somebody that causes loss of hope，令人失望的人。,Have you read any humor recently? 近来你读了什么幽默作品吗？ This is not a real gun, but it is a good imitation. 这不是一支真枪，但却是一件极好的仿制品。
7、Their transportation was camel. 他们的运输工具是骆驼。,More,Have a Try:,administration preparations compromise display evaporation oxidation application,管理部门 准备工作 妥协办法，折中方案 显示值 蒸发过程 氧化作用 使用场合，适用范围,More Examples：,5. supplying necessary background words,At 11:15 this morning, the Prime Minister, speaking to the
8、nation from No. 10 Downing Street announced that Great Britain is at war with Germany. 今天早晨11点15分，首相在唐宁街10号向全国发表讲话，宣布英国与德国处于交战状态。 今天早晨11点15分，首相在唐宁街10号英国首相府邸向全国发表讲话，宣布英国与德国处于交战状态。 Colin Powell was the worst kept secret. 克林鲍威尔是保守的最差的秘密。 克林鲍威尔将军要当国务卿这那已是公开的秘密了。,You can not make a Mercury of every log.
9、风神像不是随便什么木头都能雕出来的（只有黄杨木才成）。 风神来自希腊传说，其神像必须用黄杨木（boxwood）才能雕成。,连词,汉语中的词、词组、分句或句子之间的关系往往通过上下文及语序来表示，较少用连词。英语通常需要用连词来表明词与词、词组与词组以及句与句的逻辑关系。因此在汉译英时，需要增补连词的情况会很多，有时是并列连词，有时是从属连词。,CE translation,虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 姐姐在等我，我得走了。 My sister is expe
10、cting me, so I must be off now. 他不来我不走。 I shall not go until he comes.,主语,汉语中有许多没有主语的句子，英语则一般需要主语; 另外汉语中很多名词前都没有代词，需要增补。 大作收到，十分高兴。 I am very glad to have received your writing. 没有调查就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.,注释性词语。汉语中的典故、谚语以及在一定历史、政治条件下形成的某些名词、术语和简化说法，汉语读
11、者熟悉，一看就明白了，但是英语读者不见得能懂。因此在翻译时要适当地添加一些注释性词语，又称加注（annotation）。,1 音译附加注释或说明性译文。 气功 qigong (a system of deep breathing exercises) 太极拳 taiji quan (a kind of traditional Chinese shadow boxing),三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind.,2 直译加注 翻译经典著作或学术著作时，需要保
12、存原文的多重意义，包括字面意义，因而采用加注的办法来补偿直译带来的意义损失。,Omission,省译法：这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。,Any person not putting litter in this basket will be liable to a fine of $5. 任何不把凌乱的东西放入这个筐内而任意乱扔的人将处以罚款5美元。 废物入篓，违者罚款5元.,Omission in E-C Translation,Omission of the pronoun He shrugged his should
13、ers, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. 他耸耸()肩，摇摇()头，()两眼看天，一句话不说。,Omission of the conjunction If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？ Like charges(电荷)repel each other while opposite charges attract. 同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。 When I sing, I sing off-key. 我一唱歌就跑调。,The treaty was
14、 pronounced null and void. 条约被宣布无效。 Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason. 双方均不得无故解除合同。 The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of a generator or dynamo. 利用发电机可以把机械能转变成电能。,(英语中有些近义词或同义词连用，表示强调或是意思更明确，在英译汉时，往往可以省略其中一个词。),Omission
15、in C-E Translation,汉译英的省略主要是省略冗词赘语，以及一些表示概念范畴的词语和过分详细的描述。 省去的词语必须是： （1）在译文中看来是可有可无的，或是多余的； （2）其意思已经包含在上下文里； （3）其含义在译文中是不言而喻的。,Omission of Redundant Words 省略原文中重复出现的词语,我已经提前完成了我的工作，他也提前完成了他的工作。 I have fulfilled my work ahead of schedule, and so has he. 我们说，长征是历史记录上的第一次，长征是宣言书，长征是宣传队，长征是播种机。 We answer
16、 that the Long March is the first of its kind in the annals of history, that it is a manifesto, a propaganda force, a seeding machine.,“为了推动中美关系的发展，中国需要进一步了解美国，美国也需要进一步了解中国。“ 初译：To promote the development of China-US relations, China needs to know the US better and the US also needs to know China better. 改译：To promote China-US relations, China needs to know the US better and vice versa.,Improve the translation:,2. Omission of Words of Conceptual Category 省去原文中表示概念
