《语言学presupposition》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《语言学presupposition（19页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Presuppositions,预设,Presupposition Teasing with presuppositions.,1) Do you still abuse your girlfriend? 2) Do you love your children? 3) Is your mother really in jail again? 4) Have you finally quit smoking?,Presupposition,Presupposition an implicit assumption about the world (or a background belief)
2、 relating to an utterance whose truth is taken for granted in discourse.,Presupposition & Assertion,“Neo kissed Trinity again.” presupposes Neo has already kissed Trinity. It asserts something new: that he kissed her again.,Presupposition: Constancy,A denial or a question presupposes the same. Neo d
3、idnt kiss Trinity again. Did Neo kiss Trinity again? Neo, kiss Trinity again! (an imperative) They are also constant under embedding: Neo might have kissed Trinity again. (modal) If Neo kissed Trinity again, he must love her. (antecedent of a conditional),Presuppositions,The words that immediately g
4、ive us hints about possible presuppositions are called: Presupposition triggers Many of these words can be used in many ways and in many places. Remember: Sentences cannot have presuppositions; only speakers can!,Definite descriptions (确定性的描述) the /this/ that + NP, the 3rd person pronoun, and posses
5、sive + n give definite descriptions associated with presuppositions of existence. * John got married last week. There existed a person called John. The team of explorers got lost in the jungles. There was a team of explorers. This house was once owned by a rich merchant. There once existed a house.,
6、Factive verbs (实情动词) -sth has happened. regret, realize, know, be aware that, be sorry that, be glad that, be proud that, be pleased that, be odd, be strange, be disappointed that John realized that he had made a mistake. John made a mistake. He regretted having started the project. He started the p
7、roject. Im sorry that your dog died. Your dog died.,Implicative verbs(含蓄动词) manage, forget, happen, avoid, etc. He managed to get the ticket. He tried to get the ticket. I forget to bring the book. I ought to have brought the book. We happened to meet our neighbor in the cinema. We did not expect to
8、 meet our neighbor in the cinema.,Change of state verbs(表示状态改变的动词) finish, stop, begin, start, carry on, continue, cease, leave, arrive, enter, come, go, turn, transform, etc. He stopped / didnt stop smoking cigars. He had been smoking cigars. It began to snow at midnight. It did not snow before mid
9、night. The guests arrived at 6. The guests were not here before 6.,Iteratives (表反复的词语) repeat, back, again, too, another time, any more,etc. The spaceship came back to earth. The spaceship had been on earth. He promised to ring / didnt promise to ring again. He had rung before. Order was restored. T
10、here had been order before. Im visiting China for the third time. I have visited China twice before.,Verbs of judging (判断性动词) accuse, charge, criticize, etc. Peter accused / didnt accuse Smith of forgery. Peter thinks forgery is bad. Mike criticized Mary for backing out at the last minute. Mary back
11、ed out at the last minute.,Temporal clauses (时间状语从句) before, after, since, etc. After his father died he stepped into a large fortune. His father died. Since the new cabinet was formed, there have been a lot of reforms in the country. Anew cabinet was formed. While Chomsky was revolutionizing lingui
12、stics, the rest of social science was/ wasnt asleep. Chomsky was revolutionizing linguistics.,Cleft sentence (断裂句) It is that / who what. It was John who danced the last dance with Mary. Someone danced the last dance with Mary. It was in a certain place that they got in touch with each other. They g
13、ot in touch with each other in a certain place. It was /wasnt Herry that kissed Rosie. Someone kissed Rosie. What I lost is my passport. I lost something.,non-restrictive attributive clauses(非限定性定语从句) John, who visited China last year, is fond of Chinese tea. John has been to China twice. The island
14、 of Japan, which are located to the east of China, have frequently been struck by earthquakes of varying forces. The island of Japan are located to the east of China.,Counterfactual conditionals(与事实相反的条件句) If Hannibal had only had twelve more elephants, the Romance languages would /wouldnt this day
15、exist. Hannibal didnt have twelve more language. If I had not burnt the cake, we would be having it for tea. I burnt the cake. If Columbus had not discovered America, someone else would. Columbus discovered America,Questions(疑问句) Is there a piano in the room? Either there is a piano in the room or t
16、here is not a piano in the room. Does he speak English or French? He speaks either English or French. What can you expect? You are expecting something.,Marked stress,John FLEW to Nanjing yesterday. John went to Nanjing by some means yesterday. Jonh doesnt like THIS way of flattery. John likes some other ways of flattery.,Structures and expressions indicating comparison (表比较的结构与表达)? 1. Carol is a better pianist th
